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MPCL_007 activity 2 for year 2021-22, Lab Reports of Psychology

This documents contains 2nd activity for IGNOU MAPC first year students for subject MPCL_007 Practicum in Psychology, the document will help you to understand the second activity for the year 2021-22.

Typology: Lab Reports

2021/2022

Uploaded on 04/15/2022

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Activity - 2
Title:
Theories of intelligence.
Aim:
To study and understand different theories of intelligence and to write interpretation on what
true intelligence is.
Introduction:
What is Intelligence?
We may define intelligence as,
The ability to behave adaptively
The ability to function successfully within a particular environment
Ability to learn new things quickly, to solve different kinds of problems.
Theories of Intelligence
Different researchers have proposed a!variety of theories!to explain the nature of intelligence.
Here are some of the major theories of intelligence that have emerged during the last 100
years.
1. General Intelligence
British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945) described a concept he referred
to as!general intelligence!or the!g factor. After using a technique known as factor analysis
to examine some mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests
were remarkably similar.
People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other
tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He
concluded that intelligence is a!general cognitive ability that can be measured and
numerically expressed.
2. Primary Mental Abilities
Psychologist Louis L.Thurstone (1887–1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence.
Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on
seven different primary mental abilities.
Associative memory: The ability to memorize and recall
Numerical ability: The ability to solve arithmetic problems
Perceptual speed: The ability to see differences and similarities among objects
Reasoning: The ability to find rules
Spatial visualization: The ability to visualize relationships
Verbal comprehension: The ability to define and understand words
Word fluency: The ability to produce words rapidly
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Activity - 2

Title: Theories of intelligence. Aim: To study and understand different theories of intelligence and to write interpretation on what true intelligence is. Introduction: What is Intelligence? We may define intelligence as,  The ability to behave adaptively  The ability to function successfully within a particular environment  Ability to learn new things quickly, to solve different kinds of problems. Theories of Intelligence Different researchers have proposed a variety of theories to explain the nature of intelligence. Here are some of the major theories of intelligence that have emerged during the last 100 years.

  1. General Intelligence British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945) described a concept he referred to as general intelligence or the g factor. After using a technique known as factor analysis to examine some mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar. People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed.
  2. Primary Mental Abilities Psychologist Louis L.Thurstone (1887–1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different primary mental abilities.  Associative memory: The ability to memorize and recall  Numerical ability: The ability to solve arithmetic problems  Perceptual speed: The ability to see differences and similarities among objects  Reasoning: The ability to find rules  Spatial visualization: The ability to visualize relationships  Verbal comprehension: The ability to define and understand words  Word fluency: The ability to produce words rapidly
  1. Theory of Multiple Intelligences One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner proposed that the traditional idea of intelligence, based on IQ testing, did not fully and accurately depict a person's abilities. His theory proposed eight different intelligences based on skills and abilities that are valued in different cultures:  Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence : The ability to control your body movements and to handle objects skilfully  Interpersonal intelligence : The capacity to detect and respond appropriately to the moods, motivations, and desires of others  Intrapersonal intelligence : The capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs, and thinking processes  Logical-mathematical intelligence : The ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and the capacity to discern logically or numerical patterns  Musical intelligence : The ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre  Naturalistic intelligence : The ability to recognize and categorize animals, plants, and other objects in nature  Verbal-linguistic intelligence : Well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, meanings, and rhythms of words  Visual-spatial intelligence : The capacity to think in images and pictures, to visualize accurately and abstractly
  2. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and shaping of real-world environments relevant to one's life." While he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability, he suggested that some of Gardner's types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents. Sternberg proposed what he referred to as "successful intelligence," which involves three different factors:  Analytical intelligence : Your ability to evaluate information and solve problems  Creative intelligence : Your ability to come up with new ideas  Practical intelligence : Your ability to adapt to a changing environment Other types of intelligence :
  3. Emotional Intelligence: Emotional Intelligence is the “ability to monitor one’s own and other people’s emotions, to discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behaviour” (Salovey and Mayer, 1990) .
  4. Fluid intelligence: Fluid intelligence is the ability to problem solve in novel situations without referencing prior knowledge, but rather through the use of logic and abstract thinking. Fluid intelligence can be applied to any novel problem because no specific prior knowledge is required (Cattell, 1963). As you grow older fluid increases and then starts to decrease in the late 20s.
  5. Crystallized intelligence: Crystallized intelligence refers to the use of previously-acquired knowledge, such as specific facts learned in school or specific motor skills or muscle memory (Cattell, 1963). As you grow older and accumulate knowledge, crystallized intelligence increases.