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#Difference between DSM VI AND DSM V # BIG FIVE PERSNALITY TEST # RHACH INKBLOT TEST #NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH SURVEY OF INDIA #HYPOTHETICAL CASE OF JAI #REFERENCES
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STUDY CENTER CODE :- Dept., of mental health life $&skills promotion (01760P
(IGNOU)MAIDAN GARHI Pin Code is 110068.
theory are extraversion (also often spelled extroversion), agreeableness, openness,
conscientiousness, and neuroticism.
INTRODUCTION: - The big five personality traits are the best accepted and commonly
used model of personality in academic psychology. If you take a college course in personality
psychology, this is what you will learn about. The big five come from the statistical study of
responses to personality items. Using a technique called factory analysis researchers can look at
the responses of people to hundreds of personality items and ask the question ‘What is the best
was to summarize an individual?’ This has been through with many samples from everywhere
the planet and therefore the general result's that, while there seem to be unlimited personality
variables, five stands out from the pack in terms of explaining a lot of person’s answers to
questions about their personality:
The five-factor model of personality may be a hierarchical organization of personality traits in
terms of 5 basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and
Openness to Experience. Research using both tongue adjectives and theoretically based
personality questionnaires supports the comprehensiveness of the model and its Applicability
across observers and cultures. This article summarizes the history of the model and its supporting
evidence; discusses conceptions of the character of the factors; and descriptions an agenda for
theorizing about the origins and Operation of the factors. We argue that the model should prove
useful both for Individual assessment and for the elucidation of variety of topics of interest to
personality psychologist.
The Big Five Personality Traits model is based on findings from several independent researchers,
and it dates back to the late 1950s. But the model as we know it now began to take shape in the
1990s.Lewis Goldberg, a researcher at the Oregon Research Institute, is credited with naming the
model "The Big Five." It is now considered to be an accurate and respected personality scale,
which is routinely used by businesses and in psychological research. The Big Five Personality
Traits Model measures five key dimensions of people's personalities.
DESCRIPTION: -
Many contemporary personally psychologist believe that there are five basic dimension of
personality, often referred to as the ‘Big five’ personality traits. The five broad personality traits
described by the theory are extraversion (also often called extroversion), agreeableness,
openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism. Earlier theories of possible traits, including
Gardon Allport’s list of 4000 personality traits Raymond cattel’s 16 personality factors and
Hans Eysenck’s three – factory theory. However many researchers felt that cattell’s theory was
too complicate and Eysenck’s was too limited in scope. As a result, the five – factor theory
emerged to describe the essential traits that serve as the building block of personality. In the
1940s, Raymond Cattell and his colleagues used factor analysis (a statistical method) to narrow
down Allport’s list to sixteen traits. However, numerous psychologists examined Cattell’s list
willing to change and try new things. Individuals typically are willing to take calculated risks.
Those at the other end of the openness category are conventional and find comfort in the
familiar.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
The test booklet.
Answer sheet
Scoring key
Pencil
Eraser
Computer screen & internet.
PROCEDURE AND ADMINISTRATION
The test consists of 50 statements that a participant must rate on, how true they are about
participant in a five scale where I – Disagree, 3 – Neutral and 5 – Agree. Time consuming by
participant mostly 3-8 minute to complete, on the basis of given responses of participant in test,
results will show that participant where fall on a spectrum for each trait.
PREPARATION
All material required for the conduction of test like test booklet, answer sheet, Scoring key,
pencil, eraser, compute and stop watch are ready.
RAPPORT
Rapport is created with the participant and participant is well informing about the details of test.
INSTRUCTIONS
This is a personality test, it will help the participant to understand why participant act the way
that you do and how your personality is structured. Circle the numbers that indicate how much
participant disagree or agree with each statement. Begin each statement with “I”.
SCORE
This report ranks your scores within a range from 'very low' to 'very high'. To enable you to
make a comparison the percentage of people * who normally fall within each range is indicated.
*Normal adult working population. Distribution of scores may differ if comparisons are being
made against other cultural, demographic or specific occupational groups. We will find that we
have described low and high scores for each of the factors and facets. This has proven to be an
effective method of ensuring that people understand the personality trait being measured. People
who score in the 'middle' range will be a differing mixture of both the high and low descriptions -
but less extreme.
PRECAUTION
Environment of test should be calm, proper and clean.
Time management should be proper.
Apparatus should be work properly.
Participant interest and mood should be good.
Analysis of test result should be according to true readings.
SCORING AND INTERPRETATION
This table contains a score and also a percentile on the basis of IPIP Big Five Factor Markers.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
FACTOR I – was labeled as EXTROVERSION by the developers of the IPIP – BFFM.
Factor I is sometimes given other names, such as surgency or Positive Emotionality
individual score high on Factor I one are outgoing and social. Individuals who score low
tend to be shut INS.
FACTOR II – is labeled as EMOTIONAL STABILITY. Factor II is often referred to
by other names, such as Neuroticism or Negative Emotionality (in these two cases
interpretations are inverted, as Neuroticism and Negative Emotionality can be thought of
as the opposite of Emotional Stability).
FACTOR III – is labeled as AGREEABLENESS. A person high in agreeableness is
friendly and optimistic. Low scorers are critical and aggressive.
FACTOR IV - is labeled as CONSCIENTIOUSNESS****. Individuals who score this
factor are careful and diligent. Low scores are impulsive and disorganized.
FACTOR V – Is labeled as INTELLECT /IMAGINATION****. This factor is also often
called OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE. People who score low tend to be traditional and
conventional.
PRACTICAL 2
RORSCHACH INKBLOT TECNIQUE / TEST
TITLE – RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST
AIM / OBJECTIVE
To assess the personality structure of the subject by using Rorschach Inkblot Technique.
INTRODUCTION :
Rorschach inkblot technique was developed by Herman Rorschach a Swiss psychiatrist Hermann
Rorschach in 1921 to form a diagnostic investigation of personality. It’s based on projective method
of psychological testing in which a person is catechized to describe what he or she sees in 10
inkblots, of which some are pitch-dark and grayish and others have patches of color. During 1940’s
and 1950’s, the test was synonymous with clinical psychology and goes more popular in the
psychology world. It attained peak vogue in the 1960’s when it was broadly used to impose
cognitive and personality and to diagnosis certain inner conditions. His interest in inkblots
continued into majority. While working in a psychiatric sanatorium, Rorschach noticed that cases
with schizophrenia responded to the spots else from cases with other judgments. He began
wondering if inkblots could be used to create character sketches for different cerebral illnesses.
so, inspired perhaps by both his favorite youth game and his studies of Sigmund Freud’s dream
symbolism, Rorschach developed a methodical approach to using inkblots as an assessment tool.
The Rorschach test has grown to be one of the most popularly used cerebral tests. There are 10
sanctioned inkblots, each got out on separate white cards. Five inkblots are black and grayish; two
are black, grayish, and red; and three are polychromatic without any black.
One of the important specific of this approach is that's shapeless in nature and its stimulates the
subject for free imagination, studies, conscious, unconscious or subconscious. Thus this test known
as “projective test” as is this subject projective his/ her studies, hidden conditions, fantasies, fear,
imagination etc., on the inkblot and note the response.
Inkblot test can be used oppressively depleted cases when all the labs disquisition has failed to
identify any physical or structural abnormality.
that she would be given 10 cards with colored and non-colored inkblots. The subject to look
carefully at it and respond. Whatever comes to her mind regarding the form, shape, colors’ of the
inkblots like. The subject was also told that there’s no such time limit and that she is free to
rotate card is any direction she wants and she is free to look at the card from any prospective she
likes. She was also told not to spend too much time on one card thinking and was asked to finish
as quickly as possible.
PRECAUTION
Cards were shown in a proper way.
Environment should be peaceful and conclusive.
Lighting and sitting arrangement should be comfortable for the subject.
Confidentiality of the subject’s identity and result should be taken care of.
INTROSPECTIVE REPORT
Initially the subject was resistant about performing the test she had many doubts and queries
regarding the test how to do it, what it would assess etc. All the doubts were cleared. The subject
was ensured about her confidentiality. Subject looked confused and perplexed as to how to
understand it and what to write about it. When she was told how to do it then in late cards she
felt quite confident and at ease. The overall conduction went good.
SCORING AND INTERPRETATION.
Location: - The scoring of the location. There are 3 main location categories:
Whole (W) – W is scored when the whole inkblot area is perceived for the response. Whole is a
whole, even a minute area is not lift out.
Major Details (D) - includes large are of the blot it should be a separate segment by itself over if
the area is smell, it should frequently be chosen to attribute to a response.
Minor Details, (Dd) – it should include smaller area of the blot, it should be an area infrequently
chosen for response. It should be on inner detail of the compact area.
Space (S) – When white space is used or included is location of response along with black or the
original location categories. A space response is not scared separately. It is rather a part of W.D
OR Dd. Thus, a while response with white space of WS, a major detail response with white
space is DS, and so on.
DETERMINANTS
The following alphabets are used is scoring of determinants of response. There are six broad
categories of inkblot determinants you could be responding to:
F – only form response
F - good form level response
F - poor form level response
C -color response
C - color dominating form response
FC - form dominating color response
Y - black dominating response
YF - black dominating form response
FY - form dominating block response
T - Textile response
TF - Textile dominating form response
FT - Form dominating texture response
V - Vista response
VF - Vista dominating form response
FV - form dominating vista response
M - Human movement response
3. CONTENT CATEGORIES
Content refers to the name or class of objects used in your responses. Some common contents
include:
WHOLE HUMAN (H): A whole human figure.
HUMAN DETAIL (HD): An incomplete human form (e.g., a leg) or a whole form
without a body part (e.g., a person without a head).
HUMAN DETAIL (FICTIONAL OR MYTHOLOGICAL; HD): An incomplete fictional or
mythological human figure (e.g., wings of an angel).
ANIMAL DETAIL- AD: An incomplete animal form (e.g., cat’s head, claw of a crab).
HUMAN EXPERIENCE-(Hx) • Human emotional or sensory experience/description
(i.e., love, hate, sound, smell). Usually also scored special content AB.
WHOLE ANIMAL A • A whole animal form.
WHOLE ANIMAL (A) (fictional • A whole fictional or mythological Or mythological)
animal form (i.e., dragon, unicorn, Disney character).
ANIMAL DETAIL-(AD) (fictional • an incomplete fictional or mythological or
mythological) animal form (i.e., wings of Pegasus, parts of the body of a Disney character).
M - 0% the subject has not scored on this which means she doesn’t have any inner
aggression.
RESPONSES - The subject has given 20 responses in total which is normal.
However responses are related to productivity subject has normal productivity.
Average Response Time (ART)
Total Time
2_! No , of response_
40 mints
= 2 min
The average response time is greater than 30- 60 sec. Hence that means the subject was little
slow and she may also be depressed Average response time (chromatic cards)
Total time for chromatic cards
No .of response
= 7 sec / response
Average response time (achromatic cards)
Total time for ACHROMATIC respponse
no. of response
1.25 min
=18.5 sec / response
Thus average response time (7sec) is less for chromatic cards than achromatic cards. This
shows tendency for depression, anxiety and phobias.
Reaction time= Total reaction time on each card / 10
=18.7 sec .
The subject’s average reaction time is 18.7 sec. This lies in the range of 5 – 20 sec. Thus has no
interpretation.
Total reaction time =
Total Time
=18.7 sec
Response time= 30/10 =3 min.
Affective ratio=
total response of cards 8,9,
Total response of cards 17.
Experience Balance =
Total M
∑
Experience Actual = M+C=1+5 = 6
Animal percentage A%=
A + Ad
∑
∑
∑
F = plus Percentage (f+ %) =
= 60%
Content = M-
A -
The ‘A’ on animal content is 35% and therefore denote poor adjustment.
Popular Response – The subject has P popular responses which mean that the subject conforms to the
names of society and is also somewhat creative.
DISCUSSION
The subject is a 33 years old female. She is married and is found to be on normal level of
intellectual functioning.
The Rorschach protocol suggests that the subject’s thought processes and imagination capacity are
low (R.T is high). Here R.20 is normal, however the creativity in her cognitive skill is less (M is
low). Her behavior is entirely governed by her emotion outside (C is high).
Her interpersonal relationship seems to be poor (H and Hd is low). She tends to become hostile to
them (perception of blood, aggressive, animals, sword, etc.).
Her ego strength or reality orientation has declined to significant degree (F + % low) and her
adaptive capacity is low (A% low), her emotional life is uncontrolled (Exp B is low and high) and
Aff, Ratio is high.
END
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual has subsisted modernized seven times since it was first
put out in 1952.
DSM I 1952 60 disorder
DSM II 1968 193 (APA) removed the diagnosis of “homosexuality” from the
edition.
DSM III 1980 (5 part of multiaxial started).
DSM - III -R 1987 Multiple scaling process
DSM - IV - 1994 297 (a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome
or pattern that occurs in an individual).
DSM – IV - TR 2000 365 (updated version).
DSM – 5 2013 157 disorders.
The newest version of the DSM, the DSM -5, was published in May of 2013. The latest version
was met with considerable discussion and some controversy. A major issue with the DSM has
been around validity. In response to this the national Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
launched the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project to transform diagnosis by incorporating
genetics, imaging, cognitive science, and other levels of information to lay the foundation for a
summarized in the report Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on
Drug Use and Health. This report will supplement that information by providing details
specifically about changes to disorders of childhood and their implications for generating
MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDER contains descriptions, symptoms, and other criteria as well.
It also contains statistics concerning which gender is most affected by the illness, type of age,
effect of treatment and common treatment approaches.
DSM –IV was originally published in 1994 and listed more than 250 mental disorders. An
updated version, an updated version, called the DSM – IV – TR, was published in 2000. This
version utilized a multiaxial or multidimensional approach for diagnose mental disorder.
The multiaxial approach was intended to help clinicians and psychiatrists make comprehensive
evaluations of a client’s level of functioning, because mental illnesses often impact many
different life areas. The five DSM describe all the “Axes” dimensions to ensure that all factors
Psychological, Biological, and environmental were considered when making a mental health
diagnosis.
PROMINENT CHANGES BETWEEN THE DSM IV AND DSM-
INCLUDE :
In the DSM-IV, substance use disorder was broken into two separate diagnoses of
substance abuse and substance dependence. In the DSM-5, they combined these two
diagnoses into one, to create a single diagnostic category of substance use disorder.
The substance use disorder criterions of legal problems from the DSM-IV were dropped
in favor of cravings or a strong desire or urge to use a substance in the DSM-5.
In addition, three categories of disorder severity were formed, using the number of
patient symptoms. Out of 11 potential symptoms, 2-3 symptoms are diagnosed as a mild
substance use disorder, 4-5 symptoms as moderate, and 6 or more symptoms as a severe
substance use disorder. In the DSM-IV, patients only needed one symptom present to be
diagnosed with substance abuse, while the DSM-5 requires two or more symptoms in
order to be diagnosed with substance use disorder.
The DSM-5 eliminated the physiological subtype and the diagnosis of polysubstance
dependence.
The DSM – 5 contains a section called “conditions for further study”. This section of book is not
meant to be used to diagnose patients, examples include:
Persistent complex bereavement disorder.
Internet gaming disorder
Non-suicidal self-injury.
DESCRIPTION
The DSM was published in 1952, listing 102 broad categories of disorders. Each of these
included a short list of symptoms, along with some information about suspected causes. The
1968 version contained 100 disorders, and in 1979, the third edition shifted away from
psychoanalytic emphasis, contained over 200 diagnostic categories, and introduced the multi –
axial system (Axis 1 to Axis 5).
Axis I - Clinical Disorders (including bipolar disorder).
Axis II - Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation.
Axis III - General Medical Conditions.
Axis IV - Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (stressors).
Axis V - Global Assessment of Functioning.
DSM – IV was first published in 1994, and a revised edition in 2000, called the DSM –
IV –TR (though the “TR” or text revision, often wasn’t included in articles referencing
the manual). While sticking with the Axis system, this edition broke diagnoses and
symptoms down into section or “decision trees,” including which symptoms must be
included for a diagnosis and which must not be present.
Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Test Revision.
