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microprocessor notes for studying, Study notes of Microprocessors

Netaji Subhas Institute of TechnologyMicroprocessors

microprocessor notes for studying the subject

Typology: Study notes

2022/2023

Uploaded on 02/26/2023

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MICROPROCESSOR 8085
•Reference Book:
–Ramesh S. Goankar, “Microprocessor Architecture,
Programming and Applications with 8085”, 5th Edition,
Prentice Hall
•Week 1 –Basic Concept and Ideas about Microprocessor.
•Week 2 -Architecture of 8085
•Week 3 -Addressing Modes and Instruction set of 8085
•Week 4 –Interrupts of 8085
•Week 5 onwards – Peripherals.
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MICROPROCESSOR 8085

  • Reference Book:
    • Ramesh S. Goankar, “Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085”, 5 th^ Edition, Prentice Hall
  • Week 1 – Basic Concept and Ideas about Microprocessor.
  • Week 2 - Architecture of 8085
  • Week 3 - Addressing Modes and Instruction set of 8085
  • Week 4 – Interrupts of 8085
  • Week 5 onwards – Peripherals.

Basic Concepts of Microprocessors

  • Differences between:
    • Microcomputer – a computer with a

microprocessor as its CPU. Includes memory, I/O

etc.

  • Microprocessor – silicon chip which includes

ALU, register circuits & control circuits

  • Microcontroller – silicon chip which includes

microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single

package.

What about micro?

  • Micro is a new addition.
    • In the late 1960’s, processors were built using discrete elements. - These devices performed the required operation, but were too large and too slow.
    • In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented. All of the components that made up the processor were now placed on a single piece of silicon. The size became several thousand times smaller and the speed became several hundred times faster. The “Micro”Processor was born.

Definition of the Microprocessor

The microprocessor is a programmable device

that takes in numbers, performs on them

arithmetic or logical operations according to

the program stored in memory and then

produces other numbers as a result.

Definition (Contd.)

  • Takes in: The data that the microprocessor

manipulates must come from somewhere.

  • It comes from what is called “input devices”.
  • These are devices that bring data into the system from the outside world.
  • These represent devices such as a keyboard, a mouse, switches, and the like.

Definition (Contd.)

  • Numbers: The microprocessor has a very narrow view on life. It only understands binary numbers.

A binary digit is called a bit (which comes from b inary dig it ).

The microprocessor recognizes and processes a group of bits together. This group of bits is called a “word”.

The number of bits in a Microprocessor’s word, is a measure of its “abilities”.

Definition (Contd.)

  • Stored in memory :
    • First, what is memory?
      • Memory is the location where information is kept while not in current use.
      • Memory is a collection of storage devices. Usually, each storage device holds one bit. Also, in most kinds of memory, these storage devices are grouped into groups of 8. These 8 storage locations can only be accessed together. So, one can only read or write in terms of bytes to and form memory.
      • Memory is usually measured by the number of bytes it can hold. It is measured in Kilos, Megas and lately Gigas. A Kilo in computer language is 2 10 =1024. So, a KB (KiloByte) is 1024 bytes. Mega is 1024 Kilos and Giga is 1024 Mega.

Definition (Contd.)

  • Stored in memory:
    • When a program is entered into a computer, it is stored in memory. Then as the microprocessor starts to execute the instructions, it brings the instructions from memory one at a time.
    • Memory is also used to hold the data.
      • The microprocessor reads (brings in) the data from memory when it needs it and writes (stores) the results into memory when it is done.

Memory

Input Output

A Microprocessor-based system

From the above description, we can draw the

following block diagram to represent a

microprocessor-based system:

Inside The Microprocessor

• Internally, the microprocessor is made up of

3 main units.

  • The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
  • The Control Unit.
  • An array of registers for holding data while it is

being manipulated.

Memory

  • Memory stores information such as instructions

and data in binary format (0 and 1). It provides

this information to the microprocessor whenever

it is needed.

  • Usually, there is a memory “sub-system” in a

microprocessor-based system. This sub-system

includes:

  • The registers inside the microprocessor
  • Read Only Memory (ROM)
    • used to store information that does not change.
  • Random Access Memory (RAM) (also known as Read/Write Memory). - used to store information supplied by the user. Such as programs and data.

Memory

  • To execute a program:
    • the user enters its instructions in binary format into the memory.
    • The microprocessor then reads these instructions and whatever data is needed from memory, executes the instructions and places the results either in memory or produces it on an output device.

The 8085 Machine Language

  • The 8085 (from Intel) is an 8-bit microprocessor.
    • The 8085 uses a total of 246 bit patterns to form its instruction set.
    • These 246 patterns represent only 74 instructions.
      • The reason for the difference is that some (actually most) instructions have multiple different formats.
    • Because it is very difficult to enter the bit patterns correctly, they are usually entered in hexadecimal instead of binary. - For example, the combination 0011 1100 which translates into “increment the number in the register called the accumulator”, is usually entered as 3C.

Assembly Language

  • Entering the instructions using hexadecimal is quite

easier than entering the binary combinations.

  • However, it still is difficult to understand what a program written in hexadecimal does.
  • So, each company defines a symbolic code for the instructions.
  • These codes are called “mnemonics”.
  • The mnemonic for each instruction is usually a group of letters that suggest the operation performed.