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Mescaline and Others - Medical Botany - Lecture Slides, Slides of Botany and Agronomy

These are the important key points of lecture slides of Medical Botany are: Mescaline and Others, Psychoactive Plants, Lophophora Williamsii, Psychoactive Plant, Mescal Buttons, Induced Hallucinations, Mode of Action, Hallucinogens, Native American Church, Tropane Alkaloids

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 01/11/2013

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Psychoactive Plants
Hallucinogens II: Peyote (Mescaline)
and Others
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Psychoactive Plants

Hallucinogens II: Peyote (Mescaline)

and Others

Peyote

  • Peyote is a small spineless barrel cactus ( Lophophora williamsii)
  • Native to Mexico and southwest Texas

Mescal Buttons

  • Cactus is sliced and dried into “mescal

buttons”

  • Softened in the mouth and swallowed
  • Soaked in water and water drunk
  • Dried buttons retain hallucinogenic properties

since alkaloids not volatile

Mescaline

  • Peyote contain about 30 alkaloids with mescaline the major hallucinogen

Possible mode of action

  • Mescaline possibly binds to serotonin

reuptake transporters, allowing serotonin to

stay in synapse longer

  • Binding by mescaline causes some

conformational changes to this protein that

may allow other neurotransmitters, such as

dopamine and glutamate, to enter the axon

terminal

Hallucinogens

  • Most serotonin agonists cause hallucinations
  • The relationship between the hallucinogenic drugs and serotonin has given rise to the hypothesis that schizophrenia is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of serotonin - excitement and hallucinations result from an excess of serotonin in certain regions of the brain - depressive and catatonic states resulting from serotonin deficiency - therapy with hallucinogens outlawed in late 1960s

Tropane Alkaloids

  • A group of alkaloids with similar structure and

similar physiological action are found

predominantly in the family Solanaceae

  • Known as tropane alkaloids and include
    • atropine
    • hyoscyamine
    • scopolamine

Tropane Alkaloids

  • Have a variety of physiological effects
    • relax smooth muscles
    • dilate the pupils of the eye
    • dilate blood vessels
    • increase heart rate and temperature
    • induce sleep and lessen pain
    • stimulate and then depress CNS
    • some induce hallucinations

Atropa belladonna

  • Branching herbaceous perennial native to Europe and Asia
  • Long history of use as a medicinal, psychoactive, and poisonous plant - extremely toxic
  • One use of the plant that led to its name "belladonna" was the practice by Mediterranean women of applying the plant's juice to the eyes.
  • The result was dilation of the pupils to produce an alluring effect; hence "bella donna" or beautiful lady.
  • Response is due to atropine which is used today by ophthalmologists.

Atropa belladonna

Datura species

  • Datura spp. have a cosmopolitan distribution
  • Grows wild over much of U.S.
  • Have been extensively used by many indigenous

peoples for both medicinal and hallucinogenic purposes

  • In the New World, there are several species of

Datura which have an extensive history as sacred hallucinogens

Datura stramonium

  • Probably the most widely distributed species
  • Today cultivated for its scopolamine content which is used today for motion sickness and for its sedative effects
  • The common name for this species, jimsoneed or Jamestown weed, refers to an incident of accidental poisoning of British sailors in colonial Virginia in 1676
  • They mistook Datura for an edible plant and suffered the consequences