Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
Insights into the Bug Hill archaeological site located in the Jackfork Valley. The site is believed to offer unique data on cultural developments and trade practices in the area, as indicated by evidence from Wister Valley midden sites. Excavation strategies employed at the site aim to provide detailed information about the nature of the site and its potential large concentrated rock scatters. The document also discusses the presence of various artifact categories and their associations with specific cultural phases.
What you will learn
Typology: Study notes
1 / 244
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
7 -AiO 746 THE^ ARCHAEOLOGY^ OF^ THE^ BUG^ HILL^ PUSHMATAHA COUNTY OKLAHOMA(U) OKLAHOMASITE^ (34PU-ii6): UNIV NORMAN^ 1/ ARCHAELOGICAL RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT CENTER R VEHIK UNCLASSIFIED 82 DACWd5E-78-C-@2i2 F/6 5/6, N
,mEE-EmmmmmhE-
ll * , 1 2****. ..--. 4'.: .-
US" L ""
E- Iflhi= ,- ,
.mROCOPYMICROCOPY' RESOLUTION^ TEST'CHART
WE
NATIONALBUREAUOF STANDRDSAR6S A1963-A~
I~12 11 Lf6M
AAW
VIA
,Olr V
";,-.,.''-', ,,IL (^) -,,0,T+. (^) I ,, .. ,., ,.,, ,. ,_ (^) .:. + --.
reserchseries is an irregular publication of the Archaeological
. ReOearti and Ptmaguuint Center att Uiversity, of uOenaum. Requests for publications Ihoud be addressed to:
Arch&Wtolojical Research land big~ t Cen-ter Univtsty of'Oklahoma 1808 Newton Drive Norman, Oklahoma 730,
1
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BUG HILL SITE (34Pu-116):
Research Series No. 7
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BUG HILL SITE (34Pu-116):
PUSHMATAHA (^) COUNTY, OKLAHOMA
Rain Vehik
Archaeological investigations were conducted at the Bug Hill (^) site (34Pu-116) as part of the (^) Phase II mitigation program at Clayton Lake
in southeast Oklahoma for the Tulsa District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under Contract Number DACW56-78-C-0212. (^) The site will be inundated upon (^) completion of the lake in the Jackfork Valley. The Bug Hill site is one of two large, (^) dark midden mounds discovered during 1979 in the project area. Currently, these sites represent the southernmost distribution of dark midden mounds in eastern Oklahoma. Very similar sites occur along Fourche Maline Creek in (^) Latimer and LeFlore counties.
Investigations at the Bug Hill site consisted (^) of the manual exca- vation of 13 2 m x 2 m, four (^1) m x 1 m squares, and mechanical excava- tion of three backhoe (^) trenches. Preservation of cultural deposits in A the center of the site was extremely good, even (^) though rodent distur- bance and other natural processes affected their (^) distribution in some cases. On the average, these deposits (^) had a depth of 170-180 cm. Toward the edges of (^) the accreti nal mound, the deposits became shallower and preservation was (^) poor.
The subsequent occupation of^ the^ site^ is^ associatod^ with^ the Fourche Maline phase and dates between A.D. 278 and A.D. 617. This occupation is also believed to represent a base camp with hunting being a primary activity. Similar artifact styles between the^ Wistdr and Fourche Maline phases make it difficult to distinguish them, but the Fourche Maline phase has several small point categories and the first ceramics at the site are noted during this period. One flexed burial, an ash/clay concentration, a rock feature, and a single marine shell pendant and bead in addition to other artifact categories are .. associated with this phase.
A third prehistoric occupation occurring in the upper 20 cm and possibly 30 cm of the site is associated with the early Caddoan period. A radiocarbon determination of A.D. 859 dates this occupation. Beside the date, late varieties of ceramics and small projectile points argue for this placement. Hunting seems to be the primary activity -* and the presence of rock concentrations suggest processing activities. Even though different kinds of activities were^ conducted,^ the^ lack^ of structural features indicates the site was used as a^ special^ purpose camp during this period.
A variety of historic material including ceramics, glass, metal fragments, and bullet casings may relate to a historic (possibly Choctaw) use of the site. These materials were confined to the upper levels of 'the site.
- 6. FAUNAL AND FLORAL REMAINS - Faunal Remains. - Floral Remains. - -Pollen Analysis. LIST OF TABLES
(34Pu-116)... ....... .............^..^ ..
LIST OF FIGURES
15. a-b: Cavity in the left parietal of Burial 9, Feature 79-36 ...... ............................ 59
c: Occlusal maxillary caries in Burial 9, Feature 79-36. (^). 59
d-e: Maxillary abscesses on Burial 9, Feature 79-36.... 59 f: Perforation (^) in right temporal of Burial 9, Feature 79-36 ....... .. (^) .......................... 59
16. Chipped stone implements (^) from the Bug Hill site (34Pu-116) 67 17. Chipped stone implements from the Bug Hill site (34Pu-116) 71 18. Chipped stone implements from the Bug Hill site (34Pu-116) (^) 75 19. Chipped stone implements (^) from the Bug Hill site (34Pu-116) 83
site (34Pu-116) ........ ...................... 101
x
F (^2)
resources (Neal 1972). Follow-up work, in the form of (^) a testing pro- gram, was (^) done in 1976 when two additional sites were recorded (^) (Bobalik 1977). Another survey, conducted in December (^) 1976-January 1977), re- corded six more sites (^) (Drass 1977: 595-657). The 1976 testing program involved limited test and posthole (^) excavations at 38 sites. Based on this information, five cultural periods (^) (Archaic, Woodland, early Caddoan, late Caddoan, and (^) historic) were posited (Bobalik 1977: 555- 574; 1978). From the information provided by (^) Bobalik (1977: 557-559, Table 281), the Jackfork Valley was most intensively utilized during the Late Archaic, Woodland, and early (^) Caddoan periods. Potential Paleo-Indian and (^) Early Archaic components are indicated primarily (^) by surface materials (Bobalik 1977: 560). However, (^) these remains could also have been utilized by later populations (^) as is indicated at the George C. Davis site (Shafer (^) 1973: 183-185).
The work by Neal (1972) and Bobalik (^) (1977; 1978) does not indicate any ceremonial centers, villages, (^) or small year-round habitation sites in the Jackfork Valley. Two (^) categories of sites were postulated: long- or short-term (^) base camps and special purpose (extraction) (^) camps (Bobalik 1977: 42; 1978: 3-7). Several (^) activities including lithic reduction, (^) hunting, vegetal resource processing, storage, (^) and the processing of undetermined (^) resources were hypothesized (Boballk 1977: (^) 563).
In 1978, (^) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers initiated Phase (^) I inves- tigations at Clayton (^) Lake. This mitigation program was based on earlier investigations (^) (Bobalik 1977; 1978). The Phase I program concentrated on eight sites and (^) refined the chronological scheme provided by Bobalik (1977). Well dated Woodland (^) components related to the Fourche (^) Maline phase and an early Caddoan hamlet (consisting of two structures) were defined, and several (^) undated Archaic, Woodland, and Caddoan components were excavated (^) (Vehik and Galm 1979). Table 1 provides a listing of radiometric (^) dates obtained during 1978-1979.
The 1979 excavations (Phase II) (^) included work at six sites, three of which (^) were initially excavated in 1978. This work delineated (^) the lack of additional structures at 34Pu-74, (^) but defined a Late Archaic component, (^) confirmed an early Caddoan occupation across the (^) site, and further (^) documented a late Caddoan or protohistoric component. (^) At 34Pu-105, the earliest occupation is a Woodland component (Fourche Maline phase). Subsequent (^) occupation during the early Caddoan period is represented (^) by a structure-like feature. A possible structure (^) is also associated with a Woodland component (^) at 34Pu-111. A later occu- pation of the site during (^) the early Caddoan period is posited on the basis of ceramics, (^) projectile points, and a radiocarbon date (^) which
have radlometrically (^) dated components. Two C-14 dates at 34Pu- suggest a Woodland component which is overlain by an undated early Caddoan (^) occupation. Finally, at 34Pu-102, a (^) Late Archaic component has been radiocarbon dated. This component (^) is also associated with a multiple burial. An undated Woodland component (^) overlies the Late
5- 00 0 0000 o
0 0 0 >t> 0 0 0 t 0 *> .t u 4.) (^) 14 S-^ S.00^ 0000 0C 0 00 0 00 0 0.^0 .C^4^00 41 1 w w wW2C C 3C M 3C C 3C 3C 3C S. -
C r 0 0 0 00%u ~e
40 4.0 1 1 1 1 14 4 4
CC (^0) t rC
41.5 4J MN r 4 0 W L %W V n W D#%O
0 (
L1 4.o - 91 V-4".) n cn m *~ ~ to 5- .' 0 S0. 40 ~ mc. f _ut 10 m 01 00 ON0 % C Oa l
U 0 U~% U C U-3= U Z4 4 J 4 J c- X 444 4- f4 1p. J W 4 J J4 (^) !C Gc 41J
4U (^) V4U ~ 4U (^) W4U IAV WL.L. .4) U)a A U.U (^) L 4.) A 04 (^) L L).' 4) (^) 4J 0a (^) 4J 04(n (^). W 4.) 000 4JV) 4J(A4J u
I I 1flf 1f0JJ 45- W
.L0C .CLaam Q~.C LC L0.0. 00. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.0.020.0CL 00g
41
41^ co4^ o^ V4M^ n^ r'.-~^ 4qC m*^ c^ e^ q^4^00
Coco= 1flc
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The Bug Hill site (34Pu-116) was located during the summer of 1979 and excavations were started in August and completed by the beginning of December. The site is approximately 150 m west of Jackfork Creek and 400 m northeast of the confluence of Jackfork and North Jackfork creeks (Figure (^) 1). An intermittent stream is adjacent to the west side (^) of the site, and numerous intermittent creeks are to the north. The Wheeler^ Lee^ site^ (34Pu-102)^ is^ approximately^^800 m^ east^ of^ 34Pu-116. The Dink site (34Pu-114), which is similar in composition to the Bug Hill site, is approximately 2200 m west-southwest at the confluence of Jackfork and Maxwell creeks (Figure 1).
There is little (^) evidence of similar sites (dark midden mounds) other than (^) the Dink site in the project area. Recently, a third possible dark midden mound was reported (^) to the Corps of Engineers. This site is east of the Bug Hill site. These sites occur in an area where Wolf, Middle, and Flagpole mountains converge to form a narrow valley, and may (^) be situated in this area because prehistoric populations could easily exploit a variety of (^) ecological zones. Another possible reason for their placement at the narrow end of Jackfork Valley is that the mountains may form a natural defense barrier. There is strong evidence from similar sites along the Fourche Maline Creek in the Wister Lake vicinity of warfare and/or violence (Powell and Rogers 1980; Galm 1978a). Human burials with projectile points (^) either im- planted in bone or in the chest cavity have been reported from these sites.
The Bug Hill site is composed of very dark, (^) homogeneous soils. Itmeasures 56 m x 60mand is at least 1.8 (^) m deep in the east-central part of the site. The site was (^) cultivated in the 1940's or 1950's and the plowzone has an average depth of 20 cm. The plowzone may cover the entire site and sheet erosion and btoturbation has caused it to spread out from the edges of the site. There (^) is also evidence of in- tensive rodent burrowing, and the site was overgrown with dense (^) brush, briars, and medium to large oak trees.
,. q,.. : ' .. '. '. " .'. :.... /.****. :. :. -
34u16 OAIN (^) A HWN IE
-bI