Maths mathematics useful notes, Summaries of Mathematics

Thehistory of mathematicsdeals with the origin of discoveries inmathematicsand

themathematical methods and notation of the past. Before themodern ageand the

worldwide spread of knowledge, written examples of new mathematical developments

have come to light only in a few locales. From 3000 BC theMesopotamianstates

ofSumer,AkkadandAssyria, followed closely byAncient Egyptand the Levantine

state ofEblabegan usingarithmetic,algebraandgeometryfor purposes of

taxation, commerce, trade and also in thepatterns in nature, the field

ofastronomyand to record time and formulatecalendars.The earliest mathematical

The study of mathematics as a "demonstrative discipline" began in the 6th century

BC with the Pythagoreans, who coined the term "mathematics" from the ancient Greek

μάθημα (mathema), meaning "subject of instruction".[4] Greek mathematics greatly

refined the methods (especially through the introduction of deductive reasoning and

mathematical rigor in proofs) and expanded the subject matter of mathematics.[5]

Although they made virtually no contributions to theoretical mathematics, the

ancient Romans used applied mathematics in surveying, structural engineering,

mechanical engineering, bookkeeping, creation of lunar and solar calendars, and

even arts and crafts. Chinese mathematics made early contributions, including a

place value system and the first use of negative numbers.[6][7] The Hindu–Arabic

civilization of Mexico and Central America, where the concept of zero was given a

standard symbol in Maya numerals.

Many Greek and Arabic texts on mathematics were translated into Latin from the 12th

century onward, leading to further development of mathematics in Medieval Europe.

From ancient times through the Middle Ages, periods of mathematical discovery were

often followed by centuries of stagnation. Beginning in Renaissance Italy in the

15th century, new mathematical developments, interacting with new scientific

discoveries, were made at an increasing pace that continues through the present

day. This includes the groundbreaking work of both Isaac Newton and Gottfried

Wilhelm Leibniz in the development of infinitesimal calculus during the course of

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Devanagari (Hindi)          

Chinese 〇 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九

Tamil ௧ ௨ ௩ ௪ ௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯