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TITLE PAGE FOR PRACTICUM
IGNOU
MA (PSYCHOLOGY)
Programme Code: MAPC Course Code : MPCE- 014 Name of the Learner:- HIMANSHU BISHT (168104570) Address:- UPPER KALABARH KODWARA PAURI GARWAL UTTRAKHAND MOB No.:- 8439403727 Email:- HIMANSHU20AUG86@GMAIL.COM Study Centre Name/Code/Address:- D.A.V. DEHRADUN (2705) Regional Centre:- DEHRADUN
HIMANSHU BISHT
Date:- 17 - 10 - 2020 Signature of the Learner
CERTIFICAT
E
This is to certify that / Mr./. HIMANSHU BISHT EnrolmentNo.: 168104570 of MA Psychology Second Year has conducted and successfully completed Practicum in Clinical Psychology (MPCE 014). Signature of the Learner Signature of Academic Counsellor Name:- HIMANSHU BISHT Name:-SURENDRA DHALWAL Enrolment No.: 168104570 Designation: CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Name of the Study Centre: D.A.V.DEHRADUN Place: DEHRADUN Regional Centre: RC DEHRADUN Date: 17/10/
PRACTICAL NO- 1
TITLE – Personality test based on Five-Factor Model.
INTRODUCTION- Personality is defined as the characteristic sets of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. While there is no generally agreed upon definition of personality, most theories focus on motivation and psychological interactions with one's environment. Trait-based personality theories, such as those defined by Raymond Cattell, define personality as the traits that predict a person's behavior. On the other hand, more behaviorally-based approaches define personality through learning and habits. Nevertheless, most theories view personality as relatively stable. The study of the psychology of personality, called personality psychology, attempts to explain the tendencies that underlie differences in behavior. Many approaches have been taken on to study personality, including biological, cognitive, learning and trait-based theories, as well as psychodynamic, and humanistic approaches. Personality psychology is divided among the first theorists, with a few influential theories being posited by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers. “Personality is the supreme realisation of the innate idiosyncrasy, of a living being. It is an act of courage thing in the face of life, the absolute affirmation of all that constitute the individual, the most successful adaptation to the universal, conditions of existence, coupled with the greatest possible freedom of self-determination.” — C.G. Jung “Personality is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one “person from another.” — Lawerence Ervin “Personality refers to the relatively stable pattern of behaviours and consistent internal states that explain a person’s behaviour tendencies.” — RT Hogan. “Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.” — Stephen P. Robbins A personality test is a method of assessing human personality constructs. Most personality assessment instruments (despite being loosely referred to as "personality tests") are in fact introspective (i.e., subjective) self-report questionnaire (Q-data, in terms of LOTS data) measures or reports from life records (L-data) such as rating scales. Attempts to construct actual performance tests of personality have been very limited even though Raymond Cattell with his colleague Frank Warburton compiled a list of over 2000 separate objective tests that could be used in constructing objective personality tests. One exception however, was the Objective-Analytic Test Battery, a performance test designed to quantitatively measure 10 factor-analytically discerned personality trait dimensions. A major problem with both L-data and Q-data methods is that because of item transparency, rating scales and self-report questionnaires are highly susceptible to motivational and response distortion ranging all the way from lack of adequate self-insight (or biased perceptions of others) to downright dissimulation (faking good/faking bad) depending on the reason/motivation for the assessment being undertaken. The first personality assessment measures were developed in the 1920s and were intended to ease the process of personnel selection, particularly in the armed forces. Since these early efforts, a wide variety of personality scales and questionnaires have been developed, including
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS), among many others. Although popular especially among personnel consultants, the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) has numerous psychometric deficiencies. More recently, a number of instruments based on the Five Factor Model of personality have been constructed such as the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. However, the Big Five and related Five Factor Model have been challenged for accounting for less than two-thirds of the known trait variance in the normal personality sphere alone. Estimates of how much the personality assessment industry in the US is worth range anywhere from $2 and $4 billion a year (as of 2013). Personality assessment is used in wide a range of contexts, including individual and relationship counseling, clinical psychology, forensic psychology, school psychology, career counseling, employment testing, occupational health and safety and customer relationship management. Uses Personality tests are administered for a number of different purposes, including:
- Assessing theories
- Evaluating the effectiveness of therapy
- Diagnosing psychological problems
- Looking at changes in personality
- Screening job candidates Personality tests are also sometimes used in forensic settings to conduct risk assessments, establish competence, and in child custody disputes. Other settings where personality testing may be used are in school psychology, career and occupational counselling, relationship counselling, clinical psychology, and employment testing. Introduction about present test: Present test is an online test that is available on internet. https://psychcentral.com/quizzes/personality-test/ the above link is related to the Personality test based on Five-Factor Model. It is for personal use only. The test will be administered first on self and then on one of the family members/ acquaintance/friends/neighbour/colleagues. Self- administration is for our practice and to get acquainted with the test. While administering on self, we need to read the instructions carefully as mentioned in the test. When we administer the test on subject, we have, first to establish rapport and communicate that the responses will be kept confidential. Instruction will be given to the participant as mentioned in the test. The scores will be interpreted as per the norms indicated against the test.Once the test is completed, we have to prepare a report based on the test administration. Aim and Objective of current testing: The aim of the present test is to measure the personality of the subject based on Five-Factor Model.
Brief introduction about client:
NAME:- SHAILNDRA SINGH AGE :- 35 years SEX :- male HEALTH :- good QUALIFICATION :- M.Sc, B.Ed
Emotional Stability You have scored quite high in emotional stability, suggesting that you are rarely easily upset and are far less emotionally reactive to stressful or painful situations or people than most others. People who score high on this trait tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. You can handle most stress and emotional situations appropriately on a day- to-day basis and would be considered to be "well adjusted" by most of your friends. Openness to Experiences You have scored lower than many others on your openness to experiences. People with low scores on openness tend to have more conventional and traditional interests. You likely prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. People who score low on this trait may regard the arts and sciences with some suspicion, believing these endeavors of little practical use. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty, and tend to be more conservative and resistant to change
CONCLUSION:- the above personality test suggested that the
subject is a Emotionally stable.
Further suggestion: For more reliable and valid result subject should go for full scale personality test.
PRACTICAL - 2
TITLE – RORSCHACK INKBLOT TEST
Many people have heard of the famous Rorschach inkblot test in which respondents are asked to look at ambiguous inkblot images and then describe what they see. The test often appears in popular culture and is frequently portrayed as a way of revealing a person’s unconscious thoughts, motives, or desires. The Rorschach inkblot test is a type of projective psychological test created in 1921 by a Swiss psychologist named Hermann Rorschach. Often utilized to assess personality and emotional functioning, it is the second most commonly used forensic test after the MMPI- 2 .One 1995 survey of 412 clinical psychologists by the American Psychological Association revealed that 82% used the Rorschach inkblot test at least occasionally.
History Rorschach was certainly not the first to suggest that a person's
interpretation of an ambiguous scene might reveal hidden aspects of that individual's personality. He may have been inspired to create his famous test by a variety of influences.As a boy, Rorschach had a great appreciation for klecksography or the art of making images from inkblots. As he grew older, Rorschach developed a mutual interest in art and psychoanalysis. He even published papers analyzing the artwork of mental patients, suggesting that the art they produced could be used to learn more about their personalities.One game created in 1896 even involved creating inkblot monsters to use them as prompts for stories or verse. Alfred Binet had also experimented with the idea of using inkblots as a way to test creativity and originally planned to include inkblots in his intelligence tests.Inspired perhaps by both his childhood hobbies and his studies of Sigmund Freud's dream symbolism, Rorschach began to develop a systematic approach to using inkblots as an assessment tool.
The Inkblot Test
Rorschach developed his approach after studying more than 400 subjects, including over 300 mental patients and 100 control subjects. His 1921 book Psychodiagnostik presented ten inkblots that he selected as having high diagnostic value. The book also detailed his approach to scoring responses to the test. His intention when creating the test was not to develop a general use projective personality test. His goal was to create a test that could be used in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Rorschach's book found little success, and he died suddenly at age 37 just one year after the text's publication. Following the publication of the book, however, a wide variety of scoring systems emerged. The test has grown to be one of the most popularly used psychological tests.
How the Test Works
In order to understand how the inkblot tests work, it is important to understand how what it consists of and how it is administered.
- The Rorschach test consists of 10 inkblot images, some of which are black, white, or gray, and some of which are color.
- A psychologist or psychiatrist who has been trained in the use, scoring, and interpretation of the test shows each of the ten cards to the respondent. During the test, the subject is provided with each of the ten cards, one by one.
- The subject is then asked to describe what he or she thinks the card looks like.
- Test-takers are allowed to hold the cards in any position they may want, whether it is upside down or sideways.
Criticisms of the Rorschach Test
Despite the popularity of the Rorschach test, it has remained the subject of considerable controversy. Many of the criticisms center on how the test is scored and whether the results have any diagnostic value.
Concerns Related to Scoring the Inkblot Test
The test was criticized extensively during the 1950s and 1960s for its lack of standardized procedures, scoring methods, and norms. Before 1970, there were as many as five scoring systems that differed so dramatically that they essentially represented five different versions of the test. In 1973, John Exner published a comprehensive new scoring system that combined the strongest elements of the earlier systems. The Exner scoring system is now the standard approach used in the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Rorschach test.
Concerns Over Poor Validity and Reliability
In addition to early criticism of the inconsistent scoring systems, detractors note that the test's poor validity means that it is unable to accurately identify most psychological disorders. As you can imagine, scoring the test can be a highly subjective process. Another key criticism of the Rorschach is that it lacks reliability. In other words, two clinicians might arrive at very different conclusions even when looking at the same subject's responses.
Concerns Over Diagnoses
The test has shown some effectiveness in the diagnosis of illnesses characterized by distorted thinking such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Some experts caution, however, that since the Exner scoring system contains errors, clinicians might be prone to over-diagnosing psychotic disorders if they rely heavily on Exner's system.
Inkblot Tests Can Provide Useful Information
The test is primarily used in psychotherapy and counseling, and those who use it regularly often do so as a way of obtaining a great deal of qualitative information about how a person is feeling and functioning. The therapist and client can then further explore some of these issues during therapy. Despite the controversies and criticisms over its use, the Rorschach test remains widely used today in a variety of situations such as in schools, hospitals, and courtrooms. Some skeptics have been more critical, suggesting that the Rorschach is nothing more than pseudoscience. In 1999, some psychologists called for a complete moratorium on the use of the Rorschach inkblot for clinical purposes until researchers could better determine which scores are valid and which are invalid. A later report had a more mixed finding of the usefulness of the inkblot test. The researchers concluded that while the test possessed problems, it did have established value in identifying thought disorders. "Its value as a measure of thought disorder in schizophrenia research is well accepted," the researchers suggested. "It is also used regularly in research on dependency, and, less often, in studies on hostility and anxiety. Furthermore, substantial evidence justifies the use of the Rorschach as a clinical measure of intelligence and thought disorder."
PRACTICAL - 3
TITLE :- DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes
Overview
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the DSM-5 in 2013. This latest revision takes a lifespan perspective recognizing the importance of age and development on the onset, manifestation, and treatment of mental disorders. Other changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed. (DSM-5) include eliminating the multi-axial system; removing the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF score); reorganizing the classification of the disorders; and changing how disorders that result from a general medical condition are conceptualized. Many of these general changes from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th ed. (DSM-IV) to DSM-5 are summarized in the report Impact of the DSM-IV to DSM-5 Changes on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. This report will supplement that information by providing details specifically about changes to disorders of childhood and their implications for generating estimates of child serious emotional disturbance (SED).
- Elimination of the Multi-Axial System and GAF Score One of the key changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5 is the elimination of the multi-axial system. DSM-IV approached psychiatric assessment and organization of biopsychosocial information using a multi-axial formulation (American Psychiatric Association, 2013b). There were five different axes. Axis I consisted of mental health and substance use disorders (SUDs); Axis II was reserved for personality disorders and mental retardation; Axis III was used for coding general medical conditions; Axis IV was to note psychosocial and environmental problems (e.g., housing, employment); and Axis V was an assessment of overall functioning known as the GAF. The GAF scale was dropped from the DSM-5 because of its conceptual lack of clarity (i.e., including symptoms, suicide risk, and disabilities in the descriptors) and questionable psychometric properties (American Psychiatric Association, 2013b). Although the impact of removing the overall multi-axial structure in DSM-5 is unknown, there is concern among clinicians that eliminating the structured approach for gathering and organizing clinical assessment data will hinder clinical practice (Frances, 2010). However, the direct impact on the prevalence rates of childhood mental disorders is likely to be negligible as it will not affect the characteristics of diagnoses.
- Disorder Reclassification DSM-IV and DSM-5 categorize disorders into “classes” with the intent of grouping similar disorders (particularly those that are suspected to share etiological mechanisms or have similar symptoms) to help clinician and researchers use of the manual. From DSM-IV to DSM- 5, there has been a reclassification of many disorders that reflects a better understanding of the classifications of disorders from emerging research or clinical knowledge. Table 3 lists the disorder classes included in DSM-IV and DSM-5. In DSM-5, six classes were added and four were removed. As a result of these changes in the overall classification system, numerous individual disorders were reclassified from one class to another (e.g., from “mood disorders” to “bipolar and related disorders” or “depressive disorders”). The reclassification of disorder
DSM-IV DSM- 5
- Eating Disorders 10. Feeding and Eating Disorders
- Sleep Disorders 12. Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Impulse-Control Disorders not elsewhere classified
- Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
- Adjustment Disorders Dropped^1
- Personality Disorders 18. Personality Disorders N/A 1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders N/A 6. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders N/A 7. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders N/A 11. Elimination Disorders N/A 20. Other Mental Disorders N/A 21. Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse Effects of Medication Of particular note for childhood mental disorders, the DSM-5 eliminated a class of “disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence.” Those disorders are now placed within other classes. See table 2 for a summary the new DSM-5 disorder classes for those disorders formally classified as “disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence.” Table 4Disorder Classification in the DSM-IV and DSM-5 for Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence Disorder Types (version) DSM-IV Disorder Class DSM-5 Disorder Class Mental Retardation (DSM-IV) Intellectual Disabilities (DSM-5) Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence Neurodevelopmental Disorders Learning Disorders Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence Neurodevelopmental Disorders Motor Skills Disorder Disorders usually first Neurodevelopmental
Disorder Types (version) DSM-IV Disorder Class DSM-5 Disorder Class diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence Disorders Communication Disorders Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence Neurodevelopmental Disorders Pervasive Developmental Disorders (DSM-IV) Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-5) Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence Neurodevelopmental Disorders Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy Neurodevelopmental Disorders Conduct Disorder Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders Oppositional Defiant Disorder Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders Feeding and Eating Disorders of Infancy or Early Childhood Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy Feeding and Eating Disorders Tic Disorders Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy Neurodevelopmental Disorders Elimination Disorders Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy Elimination Disorders Separation Anxiety Disorder Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy Anxiety Disorders Selective Mutism Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy Anxiety Disorders Reactive Attachment Disorder Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
1. DSM-5 Child Mental Disorder Classification The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed. (DSM-5) includes changes to some key disorders of childhood. Two new childhood mental disorders were added in the DSM-5: social communication disorder (or SCD) and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (or DMDD). There were age-related diagnostic criteria changes for two other mental disorder
PRACTICAL N0.
TITLE :- National Mental Health Survey of India 2015- 16
NMHS 2015-16 was executed by NIMHANS, Bengaluru and was convened by MoHFW, GoI. The National Mental Health Survey is a joint collaborative effort of nearly 500 professionals, comprising of researchers, state level administrators, data collection teams and others from the 12 states of India and has been coordinated and implemented by NIMHANS. One of the states was Gujarat, for which I, Dr. Ritambhara Mehta was the Principal Investigator. This summary was published on 10th October 2016 at a National forum. With changing health patterns among Indians, mental, behavioural and substance use disorders are coming to the fore in health care delivery systems. These disorders contribute for significant morbidity, disability and even mortality amongst those affected. Due to the prevailing stigma, these disorders often are hidden by the society and consequently persons with mental disorders lead a poor quality of life. Even though several studies point to the growing burden, the extent, pattern and outcome of these mental, behavioural and substance use disorders are not clearly known. Though unmeasured, the social and economic impact of these conditions is huge. It is also acknowledged that mental health programmes and services need significant strengthening and / or scaling up to deliver appropriate and comprehensive services for the millions across the country who are in need of care. India recently announced its mental health policy and an action plan; these along with the proposed mental health bill attempts to address the gaps in mental health care. In addition, recommendations from National Human Rights Commission and directives from the Supreme Court of India have accelerated the pace of implementation of mental health services. Several advocacy groups, including media, have highlighted need for scaling up services and providing comprehensive mental health care. To further strengthen mental health programmes and develop data driven programmes, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India commissioned NIMHANS to plan and undertake a national survey to develop data on prevalence, pattern and outcomes for mental disorders in the country. Furthermore, a systematic assessment of resources and services that are available to meet the current demands was a felt need. Thus, the National Mental Health Survey was undertaken by NIMHANS to fulfil these objectives. Mental, Neurological and Substance use disorders (MNSUDs), currently included under the broader rubric of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are increasingly recognised as major public health problems contributing for a greater share of morbidity and disability. During the last five decades, the prevalence, pattern, characteristics and determinants of various mental disorders has been examined by research studies. Furthermore, care related issues, service delivery aspects and system issues have been examined in a limited manner. However, scientific extrapolations and estimates to national and state level have not been possible. Recent studies indicate the emergence of several new problems like alcohol and drug abuse, depression, suicidal behaviours and others; information of these at a national level are limited. Recognising the need for good quality, scientific and reliable information and to strengthen mental health policies and programmes at national and state levels, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
(MOHFW) commissioned National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences(NIMHANS) to undertake a National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) in a nationally representative population and examine priority mental disorders, estimate treatment gap, assess service utilization, disability and socio-economic impact along with assessing resources and systems. The NMHS was undertaken in 12 states across 6 regions of India [North (Punjab and Uttar Pradesh); South (Tamil Nadu and Kerala); East (Jharkhand and West Bengal); West (Rajasthan and Gujarat); Central (Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh) and North-east (Assam and Manipur)]. In each state, the dedicated team of Investigators included mental health and public health professionals. Methods A uniform and standardised methodology was adopted for the National Mental Health Survey. Homelessness amongst those who are mentally ill is due to a combination of several factors ranging from stigma to societal discrimination. Thus, Homeless Mentally ill (HMI) persons represent the most neglected, disadvantaged and vulnerable section among the mentally ill. In household surveys, this is difficult to examine due to methodological reasons. However, the burden of HMI has a definite bearing on the delivery of services for mental health care. Considering the larger implications for health care delivery, the burden, scope and existing provisions have been examined through the qualitative component of NMHS. As regards the burden of HMI, key informants were unaware of the same. Their estimates varied with respect to the approximate number of HMI’s seen in their districts, city and / or state. This not only reflects their lack of awareness but also signifies the difficulties in data quantification. The guestimates (for the number of homeless mentally ill) ranged from ‘NIL’ or ‘almost minimal’ to ‘1% of mentally ill’ to as high as ‘15,000’. Some reflections of respondents included, ‘It is difficult to quantify’- (Assam respondent),‘Within the city 40-50 HMI, totally 500 in the State’
- (Jharkhand respondent), ‘In Urban areas and big cities, homelessly people are commonly seen’ – (Gujarat respondent); Interestingly, HMIs were reported to be more in the urban areas and bigger cities. The homeless mentally ill are usually affected by chronic mental illness or by extreme poverty or by economic bankruptcy (all are linked in most situations)and require interventions on a long term basis. There was both a lack of awareness about rehabilitation and also an absence of facilities / services for the ‘rehabilitation’ of HMIs. ‘There is no service (for homeless mentally ill) available to the best of my knowledge’ said the respondent from Uttar Pradesh. This was echoed by a respondent from Jharkhand, ‘No place of rehabilitation for wandering mentally ill persons in the district’. Thus, it can be surmised that facilities for the rehabilitation of HMIs were generally non-existent in many states and wherever available, it was reported to be provided by NGOs often located in bigger cities. ‘Aware that nowadays NGOs are more active in such activities’- (Assam Respondent);‘In recent times, NGOs have become more active’, ‘Only in big cities not in small town like’- (Gujarat respondent), ‘ A few NGO’s keep this kind of patient for some period of time or reach them to the mental hospital’, said the Jharkhand respondent. However, the number of HMIs being able to access care in these NGOs were reported to be limited. Apart from NGOs, mental hospitals and beggar’s home were the other options available for the rehabilitation of the homeless mentally Ill. Across the 12 states, ‘No specific action’ appears to be the predominant action taken for a homeless mentally ill person. Action is initiated only when HMIs have resorted to violence. The ‘actions’ which are supposed to be ‘care and support mechanisms’ is limited to either handing over the HMIs to
Mental disorders can also be triggered by massive social dislocations —driven by economic crises, such as the financial crisis of 2008 civil conflicts, war, and violence in places like the Middle East, Central America, and Africa;^2 epidemics like the recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa or earthquakes, such as the recent one in Nepal.Even after economic growth returns and unemployment drops, peace settlements are made, or we reach zero Ebola cases; after the dead are mourned and the rebuilding of countries gets under way, there is long-term damage left behind in the social fabric of affected communities and the mental well-being of individuals. The social costs of mental and substance-use disorders, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and drug and alcohol abuse, are enormous.^5 Studies estimate that at least 10 percent of the world’s population is affected, including 20 percent of children and adolescents.^7 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that mental disorders account for 30 percent of nonfatal disease burden worldwide and 10 percent of overall disease burden, including death and disability.^8 In addition to their health impact, mental disorders cause a significant economic burden. There is also a notable link between them and costly, chronic medical conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV, and obesity. The global cost of mental disorders was estimated to be approximately $2.5 trillion in 2010; by 2030, that figure is projected to go up by 240 percent, to $6 trillion. In 2010, 54 percent of that burden was borne by low- and middle-income countries; by 2030. It has become increasingly clear that most countries in the world are ill prepared to deal with this often invisible and overlooked health and social burden. In the second decade of the 21st century, not much has changed in how many countries view and deal with mental illness. Some are still using 17th century tactics to “protect society”: confining and abandoning the “mad” in asylums or psychiatric hospitals, often for life, which grossly compounds the negative impact on these individuals and on society as a whole^1 Despite its enormous societal burden, mental disorders continue to be driven into the shadows by stigma, prejudice, and fear that disclosing affliction may mean jobs lost and social standing ruined, or simply because health and social support services are not available or are out of reach for the afflicted and their families.so i bleave that there is still scope of improvment in field and specially after this corona pedamic this become more important to make some changes and revision in.
PRACTICAL N0.
TITLE:- Case study of Jai, a 30-year old man.
(A) Aim and Objective of Current Testing: (1) Brief introduction about clients: Name: Jai Sex: Male Age: 30 years Education Qualification: Graduation Occupation: Ex-Army Personnel (2)Chief Complaints: His wife reported that since he returned from the posting, he has not been ‘his original self’. And this has impacted their relationship also. Jai reports that he has difficulty in sleeping and when he sleeps, he has nightmares. He further says that he has undergone many traumatic and distressing experiences in his last posting which he is not sure of sharing it with anyone. He is irritable and spends his time alone. He becomes startled easily. In his present job, he is not able to perform his duties properly. He has vivid and intrusive memories of the traumatic experiences that he had which he declines to share with anyone and neither wants to meet anyone that reminds him of the experiences. Procedure: From the above symptom that Mr, Jai display and by going to DSM Manual it can be said he is suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Diagnosis: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Diagnosis To diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder, your doctor will likely:
- Perform a physical exam to check for medical problems that may be causing your symptoms
- Do a psychological evaluation that includes a discussion of your signs and symptoms and the event or events that led up to them
- Use the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) , published by the American Psychiatric Association
