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ABSTRACT
Aim to study the blood group and we recognized there are 33 blood group systems. Apart from ABO and Rhesus system, many other types of antigens have been noticed on the red cell membranes. Blood grouping and cross-matching is one of the few important tests that the anesthesiologist orders during perioperative period. Hence, a proper understanding of the blood group system, their clinical significance, typing and cross-matching tests, and current perspective are of paramount importance to prevent transfusion-related complications. Nonetheless, the knowledge on blood group system is necessary to approach blood group-linked diseases which are still at the stage of research. This review addresses all these aspects of the blood groups system. ● ABO blood group : -There are 4 main blood groups defined by the ABO system:
- blood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
- blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma.
- blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
- blood group AB – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies. ● Antibody typing: -Typing determines the ABO antigens on the recipient's RBCs and antibodies present in the patient's plasma or serum. Crossmatching is the final step in compatibility testing, in which RBCs from a donor unit is mixed with patient sera. ● Rhesus blood group : -There are 5 main Rh antigens on red cells – C, c, D, E, e. The most important of these is the Rh D. Having the D antigen on the red cell gives you the positive (+) and lacking it gives you the negative (-) after the letter A, B, AB or O.
INTRODUCTION
Blood
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the circulatory system is also known as peripheral blood, and the blood cells it carries, peripheral blood cells. Blood is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume), and contains proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. The blood cells are mainly red blood cells also called RBCs or erythrocytes, white blood cells also called WBCs or leukocytes, and in mammal’s platelets also called thrombocytes. The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells. These contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates oxygen transport by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas thereby increasing its solubility in blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is mostly transported extracellularly as bicarbonate ion transported in plasma. ● Vertebrate blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is deoxygenated.
CHAPTER -
"LifeLink: Bridging Blood Types, Building a Legacy of Donation”
Blood groups
There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. Each group can be either RHD positive or RHD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups.
Antibodies and antigens
Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid called plasma. Your blood group is identified by antibodies and antigens in the blood. Antibodies are proteins found in plasma. They are part of your body's natural defenses. They recognize foreign substances, such as germs, and alert your immune system, which destroys them. Antigens are protein molecules found on the surface of red blood cells.
ABO system
There are 4 main blood groups defined by the ABO system: ● blood group A – has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
● blood group B – has B antigens with anti-A antibodies in the plasma. ● blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. ● blood group AB – has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies, blood group O is the most common blood group. Almost half of the UK population (around 48%) has blood group O. Receiving blood from the wrong ABO group can be life-threatening. For example, if someone with group B blood is given group A blood, their anti-A antibodies will attack the group A cells. This is why group A blood must never be given to someone who has group B blood and vice versa. As group O red blood cells do not have any A or B antigens, it can safely be given to any other group. Rh system Red blood cells sometimes have another antigen, a protein known as the RhD antigen. If this is present, your blood group is RhD positive. If it's absent, your blood group is RhD negative. This means you can be 1 of 8 blood groups:
- A RhD positive (A+)
- A RhD negative (A-)
- B RhD positive (B+)
- B RhD negative (B-)
- O RhD positive (O+)
- O RhD negative (O-)
- AB RhD positive (AB+)
- AB RhD negative (AB-) About 85% of the population is RhD positive (35% of the population has O+, the most common type). In most cases, O RhD negative blood (O-) can safely be given to anyone. It's often used in medical emergencies when the blood type is not immediately known. It’s safe for most recipients because it does not have any A, B or RhD antigens on the surface of the cells, and is compatible with every other ABO and RhD blood group.
- B negative: 2%
- AB positive: 2%
- AB negative: 1% Data accurate as of December 2018.
1. O positive
O positive is the most common blood type as around 35% of our blood donors have it.1 in 3 donors is O positive The second most common blood type is A positive (30%), while AB negative (1%) is the rarest. ● Who can receive O positive blood? Anyone with a Rh-positive blood type can receive O positive red blood cells – so that’s A positive, B positive and AB positive as well as O positive. That means 3 in 4 people, or around 76% of the population, can benefit from your donation. ● What blood can O positive people receive? People with O positive blood can receive donations from:
- O positive blood donors
- O negative blood donors
2. O negative
Around 1 in 7 people have O negative blood. Around 13% of our blood donors have O negative blood. In comparison, 35% of donors have O positive blood. Air ambulances and emergency response vehicles carry O negative supplies for emergencies. Collecting enough O negative blood is a constant challenge, and we always need your donations.
● Who can receive O negative blood? Everyone can receive O negative red blood cells negative donors are often called ‘universal donors’ because anyone can receive the red blood cells from their donations. Although about 8% of the population has O negative blood, it accounts for around 13% of hospital requests for red blood cell. ● What blood can O negative people receive? People with O negative blood can only receive red cell donations from O negative donors.
3. A positive
Around 30% of donors have A positive blood, making it the second most common blood type after O positive (36%). “1 in 3 donors is A positive.” ● Who can receive A positive blood? A positive red blood cells can be given to people with:
- A positive blood
- AB positive blood
● What blood can A negative people receive? People with A negative blood can receive donations from:
- A negative donor
- O negative donors ● Why is A negative blood important? “Anyone can receive A negative platelets.” A negative red blood cells can be used to treat around 40% of the population. However, A negative platelets are particularly important because they can be given to people from all blood groups. That is why A negative platelets are called the ‘universal platelet type’.
5. B positive
This means only 8% of donors have B positive blood. IN total, 10% of people belong to blood group B, making it one of the least common blood groups. “1 in 13 donors is B positive” ● Who can receive B positive blood? B positive red blood cells can be given to people with:
- B positive blood
- AB positive blood
● What blood can B positive people receive? People with B positive blood can receive donations from:
- B positive donors
- B negative donors
- O negative donors
- O positive donors ● Why is B positive blood important? B positive is an important blood type for treating people with sickle cell disorder and thalassaemia who need regular transfusions
6. B negative
B negative blood is one of the rarest blood types as just 2% of our blood donors have it. In comparison, 36% of donors have O positive blood which is the most common type. “1 in 50 donors is B negative.” ● Who can receive B negative blood? Around 1 in 8 people can receive red blood cells from B negative donors. B negative blood can help people who are:
- B negative
- B positive
- AB negative
- AB positive
People with AB positive blood can safely receive red blood cells from any blood type. This means that demand for AB positive red blood cells is at its lowest level in a decade. ● Why is AB positive blood important? It is rare. Although the need for AB positive red blood cells is falling, the demand for AB positive plasma has not changed. To avoid wastage while ensuring the correct balance of plasma and red cells from AB positive donors, we manage donations differently to other blood types. Fresh frozen plasma is only produced from male donations.
8. AB negative
AB negative is the rarest blood type in the ABO blood group, accounting for just 1% of our blood donors. IN total only 3% of donors belong to the AB blood group.“1 in 100 donors is AB negative” ● Who can receive AB negative blood? You can receive AB negative red blood cells if you are:
- AB negative
- AB positive ● What blood can AB negative people receive? People with AB negative blood can receive donations from:
- AB negative donors
- O negative donors
- A negative donor
- B negative donors ● Why is AB negative blood so important?
AB negative donations are extremely versatile, but because it is the rarest blood type finding new donors can be a challenge. Plasma from AB negative donations can help treat patients of all blood types, however fresh frozen plasma is only produced from male donations. This is because female donors (especially those who have been pregnant) can develop antibodies that, while no danger to themselves, can prove life threatening to patients transfused with their plasma.
COVID-
People who have recovered from COVID-19 may be able to help others with the disease by donating blood plasma, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Trusted Source. Their plasma can contain antibodies to the infection. If another person receives this plasma, it may help their body fight the virus.
Benefits for the donor
For many people, blood donation offers many health benefits with few risks. The strict regulation of blood banks means that a donor can give their blood or plasma safely in the United States. Donated blood can save the lives of people in need. However, according to some medical professionals, it may also benefit the donor. The sections below will look at some benefits for the donor in more detail. ➔ Identifying adverse health effects Each person who donates blood completes a simple physical examination and blood test before giving blood. These are not in-depth tests, but they may help identify unknown health concerns, such as anemia or high or low blood pressure. The test will check the person’s:
- blood pressure
- body temperature
- heart rate
- hemoglobin, or iron, levels If the test reveals a problem, the person will not be able to donate blood. However, the results could be a first step toward seeking treatment. ➔ Contributing to the community Donating one unit of blood may save the lives of up to three people, according to the American Red Cross. Blood donors provide a vital service to the community. Making a difference in the lives of others can boost a donor’s sense of well-being.
➔ Weight management There are claims Trusted Source that giving blood burns 650 calories. However, there does not appear to be any scientific evidence to prove this. Any benefits of this calorie loss will be short- term and will not help a person lose weight. It can also identify people with a low weight, who may also benefit from counseling and advice. ➔ Reduces iron levels for those with hemochromatosis. The body needs iron to produce red blood cells. However, around 1 million people in the U.S. have type 1 hereditary hemochromatosis. People with this and other types of hemochromatosis have too much iron in their blood. The excess iron can deposit into different organs of the body, such as the liver and heart, and affect the way those organs’ function. According to a 2003 article by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), people with hemochromatosis can benefit from phlebotomy, which is a similar process to donating blood. People with this condition are allowed to donate blood. In other words, for those with hemochromatosis, donating blood can be a treatment option as well as a way of helping others. Not all agencies allow donations from people with this condition, but many use their blood in the general donation pool.
Questionaries and responses
1.Which of the following is your blood group? 2.Which of the following group is UNIVERSAL DONOR'S? 3.Which of the following is UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT'S? 4.Which of the following helps to keep the blood in red color?
