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Fundamentals of Data Communication and Networking, Lecture notes of Compilers

Kurukshetra UniversityCompilers

The basics of data communication and networking, including network topologies, data link layer, virtual channels, multicast routing, point-to-point and multipoint connections, bit rate and bit interval, flow control, and various network protocols such as ARP, RARP, ICMP, and TCP/IP. It also explains the OSI model and its layers.

Typology: Lecture notes

2019/2020

Uploaded on 04/27/2020

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Networking Interview Question and Answers
1.
What is a network?
It is a set of devices connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated
by other nodes on the network.
2. What is a protocol?
It is a set of rules that governs data communication.
3. What is multiplexing?
Multiplexing is the process of dividing a link, the phycal
medium, into logical channels for better efficiency. Here
medium is not changed but it has several channels instead of
one.
4. Define bandwidth?
The range of frequencies that a medium can pass is called
bandwidth. It is the difference between the highest and lowest
frequencies that the medium can satisfactorily pass.
5. What do you mean by switching?
It is a method in which communication devices are connected
to one another efficiently. A switch is intermediary hardware or
software that links devices together temporarily.
6. What are the important topologies for networks?
BUS topology
STAR topology
RING topology
MESS topology
7. What are the duties of data link layer?
Data link layer is responsible for carrying packets from one hop
(computer or router) to the next. The duties of data link layer
include packetizing, adderssing, error control, flow control,
medium access control.
8. What is virtual channel?
Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one
destination, although multicast connections are also permitted.
The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.
9. What is multicast routing?
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its
routing algorithm is called multicast routing.
10.
What is TELNET ?
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Networking Interview Question and Answers

  1. (^) What is a network? It is a set of devices connected by communication links. A node can be a computer or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
  2. What is a protocol? It is a set of rules that governs data communication.
  3. What is multiplexing? Multiplexing is the process of dividing a link, the phycal medium, into logical channels for better efficiency. Here medium is not changed but it has several channels instead of one.
  4. Define bandwidth? The range of frequencies that a medium can pass is called bandwidth. It is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that the medium can satisfactorily pass.
  5. What do you mean by switching? It is a method in which communication devices are connected to one another efficiently. A switch is intermediary hardware or software that links devices together temporarily.
  6. What are the important topologies for networks? BUS topology STAR topology RING topology MESS topology
  7. What are the duties of data link layer? Data link layer is responsible for carrying packets from one hop (computer or router) to the next. The duties of data link layer include packetizing, adderssing, error control, flow control, medium access control.
  8. What is virtual channel? Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.
  9. What is multicast routing? Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.
  10. What is TELNET?

TELNET is a client - server application that allows a user to log on to a remote machine,giving the user access to the remote system. TELNET is an abbreviation of terminal network.

  1. What do you mean by data communication? It is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as wire cable. The communicating system must be part of a communication system made up of a combination of hardware and software.The effectiveness of a data communication system depends on three fundamental characteristics: delivery, accuracy and timeliness.
  2. What is distributed processing? It is a strategy in which services provided by the network reside at multiple sites.
  3. What is point to point connection? It provides a dedicated link between two devices. The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between the two devices.
  4. What is Redundancy? The concept of including extra information in the transmission solely for the purpose of comparison. This technique is called redundancy.
  5. What is subnet? A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
  6. What is multipoint connection? In multipoint connection more than two specific devices share a single link. Here the capacity of the channel is shared either separately or temporally.
  7. What is simplex? It is the mode of communication between two devices in which flow of data is unidirectional.
  8. What is half-duplex? It is the mode of communication between two devices in which flow of data is bidirectional but not at the same time. ie each station can transmit and receive but not at the same time.
  9. What is full duplex? It is the mode of communication between two devices in which flow of data is bidirectional and it occurs simultaneously. Here signals going in either direction share the capacity of the link.
  10. What is a topology?

In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.

  1. What is mesh network? A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.
  2. Define bit rate and bit interval? Digital signals are aperiodic.so instead of using period and frequency we use bit interval and bit rate respectively.Bit interval is the time required to send one single bit.Bit rate is the number of bit intervals per second.
  3. What is sampling? It is the process of obtaining amplitude of a signal at regular intervals.
  4. Define pulse amplitude modulation? It is an analog to digital conversion method which takes analog signals, samples it and generates a series of pulse based on the results of the sampling. It is not used in data communication because the series of pulses generated still of any amplitude. To modify it we use pulse code modulation.
  5. What is Nyquist Theorem? According to this theorem, the sampling rate must be at least 2 times the highest frequency of the original signal.
  6. What is Asynchronous mode of data transmission? It is a serial mode of transmission.In this mode of transmission, each byte is framed with a start bit and a stop bit. There may be a variable length gap between each byte.
  7. What are the different types of multiplexing? Multiplexing is of three types. Frequency division multiplexing and wave division multiplexing is for analog signals and time division multiplexing is for digital signals.
  8. What MAU? In token Ring, hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).
  9. What do you mean by switching? It is a method in which communication devices are connected to one another efficiently.A switch is intermediary hardware or software that links devices together temporarily.
  10. What do you mean by flow control?

It is the regulation of sender’s data rate so that the receiver buffer doesn’t become overwhelmed.i.e. flow control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data that the sender can send before waiting for acknowledgement.

  1. What do you mean by Bluetooth? It is a wireless LAN technology designed to connect devices of different functions such as telephones, notebooks, computers, cameras, printers and so on. Bluetooth LAN Is an adhoc network that is the network is formed spontaneously? It is the implementation of protocol defined by the IEEE 802.15 standard.
  2. What is virtual channel? Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.
  3. What is multicast routing? Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.
  4. What is Mail Gateway? It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols.
  5. What is IP address? The internet address (IP address) is 32bits that uniquely and universally defines a host or router on the internet. The portion of the IP address that identifies the network is called netid. The portion of the IP address that identifies the host or router on the network is called hostid.
  6. What do you mean by subnetting? Subnetting divides one large network into several smaller ones. It adds an intermediate level of hierarchy in IP addressing.
  7. What is Firewalls? It is an electronic downbridge which is used to enhance the security of a network. It’s configuration has two components. Two routers Application gateway
  8. What is Repeaters? A receiver receives a signal before it becomes too weak or corrupted, regenerates the original bit pattern, sand puts the refreshed copy back onto the link. It operates on phycal layer of OSI model.
  9. What is Bridges?

message. Resending is repeated until a message arrives that the receiver believes is error-freed.

  1. What are major types of networks? Server-based network Peer-to-peer network
  2. What are the protocols in application layer? The protocols defined in application layer are TELNET FTP SMTP SMTP
  3. What do you mean by point to point network? Point to point network consist of many connections between individual pair of machines.large networks are point to point.Routing algorithm plays an important in point to point network.It uses stored ad forword technique.It is a packet switching network.
  4. What are the protocols in transport layer? The protocols defined in transport layer are : TCP UDP
  5. Define TCP? It is connection oriented protocol.It consist byte streams oeiginating on one machine to be delivered without error on any other machine in the network.while transmitting it fragments the stream to discrete messages and passes to interner layer.At the destination it reassembles the messages into output stream.
  6. What is URL? It is a standard for specifying any kind of information on the World Wide Web.
  7. Define UDP? It is unreliable connectionless protocol.It is used for one- shot,client-server type,request reply queries and applications in which prompt delivery is required than accuracy.
  8. What is World Wide Web? World Wide Web is a repository of information spread all over the world and linked together.It is a unique combination of

flexibility,portability,and user-friendly features .The World Wide Web today is a distributed client-server service,in which a client using a browser can access a service using a server.The service provided is distributed over many locations called web sites.

  1. What is Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)? It is the main protocol used to access data on the World Wide Web .the protol transfers data in the form of plain text,hypertext,audio,video,and so on. It is so called because its efficiency allows its use in a hypertext environment where there are rapid jumps from one document to another.
  2. What do you mean by Simple Mail Transfer Protocol? The TCP/IP protocol that supports electronic mail on the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.SMTP provides for mail exchange between users on the same or different computer and supports Sending a single message to one or more recipient Sending message that include text, voice,video,or graphics.Sending message to users on network outside the internet.
  3. What do you mean by local login and remote login? When a user logs into a local time-sharing system ,it is called local login. When a user wants to access an application program or utility located on a remote machine,he or she performs remote login.
  4. What is Network Virtual Terminal? A universal interface provided by TELNET is called Network Virtual Terminal(NVT) character set. Via this interface TELNET translates characters (data or command) that come from local terminal into NVT form and delivers them to the network.