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ADMINISTRATIVELAW NOTES
Unit 1
- DiscussthemeaningNature,scopeandimportanceofAdministrativelaw.Isadministrativelawaninevitablenecessity today?
- Explaintherelationanddifferencebetweenadministrativelawandconstitutionallaw?
- ExplainthetheoryofruleoflawwhatisitsimportanceinIndianadministrativelawexplain
- Explainthedoctrineofseparationofpower?Whatisitsimportanceinadministrativelawdiscussalsoitsmeritsand demerits.?
- WhatdoyouunderstandbyDoritadministration?Differencebetweenadministrativelawanddroitadministratiff? Unit 2
- WhatdoyouunderstandbyQuasijudicialfunction?"AQuasijudicialdecisionisonewhichhassomeoftheattributesof judicialdecisionbutnotall"discussindetail?Howdoesadministrativedecisiondifferfrom Quasijudicialdecisions?
- Delegationnonpotestdelegatediscusstherelevanceofthisdoctrine?Whatdoyouunderstandbydelegatedlegislation? Whatarethecausesofthegrowthofdelegatedlegislationdiscussitsconstitutionalityinindiawiththehelpofdecided cases?
- Discussinbrieftheprocedurallegislativecontrolonthedelegatedlegislation?Howthejudicialcontrolisexercisedon delegatedlegislation? Unit 3
- SalientfeaturesofAdministrativetribunals.Howisitdifferfrom court?PointouttheadvantageofanAdministrative Tribunaloveracourt?WhatarethereasonsofthegrowthofTribunalinModernTimes?Meritsanddemeritsof AdministrativeTribunalinIndia?
- NoonecanbejudgeinhisowncaseinviewofthisstatementexplainthedoctrineofBiaswiththedecidedcases?Explain differentkindsofBias?
- DiscusstheruleofAudialteram partem withthehelpofdecidedcases?HowfarthisrulehasbeenrecognisedinIndia
- Theliabilityofadministrationintort? Unit 4
- WhatismeantbyadministrativediscretionandhowisitcontrolbyJudicialreviewexplain.
- Whatarethedifferentkindsofwrits?Dscussinbriefthenaturegroundandlimitationsofwritofcertiorari?
- Describeinbriefthenature,groundsandlimitationsofwritofmandamus?
- Describeinbriefthenature,groundsandlimitationsofwritofprohibition?
- Whatishabeascorpuswrit?
- ExaminethejurisdictionofSupremeCourtandhighcourtofenforcethefundamentalright?WhatarethoseGroundson whichthesupremecourtcanrefusethefundamentalrights?
- WhatdoyouunderstandbyaOmbudsman?
- ExplaincentralVigilanceCommission. WhatisparentactWriteshortnoteonpublicundertaking
Unit 1
Q. 1 )DiscussthemeaningNature,scopeandimportanceofAdministrativelaw.Isadministrativelaw aninevitablenecessitytoday? Ans.)Meaning-Administrativelawisthelawthatgovernstheadministrativeactions.Administrative lawexpandedgreatlyduringthetwentiethcentury,aslegislativebodiesworldwidecreatedmore governmentagenciestoregulatethesocial,economicandpoliticalspheresofhumaninteraction.It isabranchofpubliclaw.Itdealswiththerelationshipofindividualswiththegovernment.It determinestheorganisationandpowerstructureofadministrativeandquasi-judicialauthoritiesto enforcethelaw.Itisprimarilyconcernedwithofficialactionsandproceduresandputsinplacea controlmechanism bywhichadministrativeagenciesstaywithinbounds.However,administrative lawisnotacodifiedlaw.Itisajudge-madelawwhichevolvedovertime. Definitions-Thereisagreatdivergenceofopinionregardingthedefinitionoftheconceptofthe administrativelaw.Thisisbecauseofthetremendousincreaseintheadministrativeprocessthatit makesimpossibletoattemptanyprecisedefinitionofadministrativelawwhichcancovertheentire rangeoftheadministrativeprocess.However,twoimportantfactsshouldbetakenintoaccountin anattemptatunderstandinganddefiningtheadministrativelaw. Firstly,administrativelawisprimarilyconcernedwiththemannerofexercisinggovernmentalpower. Thedecision-makingprocessismoreimportantthanthedecisionitself. Secondly,administrativelawcannotfullybedefinedwithoutdueregardtothefunctionalapproach. Thisistomeanthatthefunction(purpose)ofadministrativelawshouldbetheunderlyingelementof anydefinition.Theultimatepurposeoftheadministrativelawiscontrollingtheexerciseof governmentalpower.Thecontrolaspectimpliedlyshadessomelightontheothercomponentsofits definition. AccordingtoSIRIVORJENNINGS-Administrativelawisthelawrelatingtotheadministration.It determinestheorganization,powersanddutiesofadministrativeauthorities. Masseycriticizesthisdefinitionbecauseitfailstodifferentiateadministrativeandconstitutionallaw. Thisdefinitiondoesnotgivedueregardtotheadministrativeprocess,i.e.themannerofagency decisionmaking,includingtherules,procedures,andprinciplesitshouldcomplywith. AccordingtoI.PMassey-“Administrativelawisthatbranchofpubliclawwhichdealswiththe organizationandpowersofadministrativeandquasi-administrativeagenciesandprescribesthe principlesandrulesbywhichanofficialactionisreachedandreviewedinrelationtoindividualliberty andfreedom.” THEGROWTHOFADMINISTRATIVELAW ENGLAND-In1 88 5AlbertVennDicey,aBritishjurist,rejectedthewholeconceptofAdministrative law.Untilthe 20 thCentury,Administrativelawwasnotacceptedasaseparatebranchoflaw.The LordDonoughmoreCommittee,in 1929 ,recommendedforbetterpublicationandcontrolof subordinatelegislation.In 1958 ,TribunalsandInquiriesActwaspassedforbettercontroland supervisionofAdministrativeDecisions.
SCOPEOFADMINISTRATIVELAW :Thereareseveralbranchesofthescienceoflaw.The AdministrativeLawisarecentbranchofthescienceoflaw.Inthepoliticalsciencetherearefew Administrativeorgans.CertainfunctionshavebeenallottedtotheseorgansintheAdministrative Machinery.TheAdministrativelawdealswiththestructure,functionsandpowersofthe Administrativeorgans.Italsolaysdownthemethodsandprocedureswhicharetobefollowedby them duringthecourseofremedieswhichareavailabletothepersonswhoserightsandother privilegesaredamagedbytheiroperations. From thefewlinesaboveexplainingthemeaningoftheAdministrativelaw,wecannoticetheexact scopeofthisnewbranchofLaw.ThescopeofAdministrativelawcanbenarratedasunder:- 1 )ThemethodsandproceduresoftheseAdministrativeorgansarealsostudiedbythisnewbranch oflaw. 2 )Itcoversthenatureofstructure,powersandfunctionsofalltheseadministrativeorgans. 3 )Italsomakesavailablealltherelevantremediestothepersonswhoserightsareinfringedbythe operationsoftheseorgansduringthecourseofAdministration. 4 )WhyandHowtheAdministrativeOrgansaretobecontrolledisalsoviewedbytheAdministrative law. InthiswayalongwiththedevelopmentinthePoliticalScienceandalongwiththeideaoffederal Administration,theseparatebranchofAdministrativelawhasbeendeveloped.Itistobeclearly notedthatthisbranchofLawisexclusivelyrestrictedtotheAdministrativeorgansonly.The delegatedlegislationsaresupposedtobethebackboneoftheAdministrativelaw. Conclusion-ThusAdministrativelawcanbesaidtobescienceofpowerofAdministrative authorities,andthenatureoftheirpowerscanbestudiedunderthethreeheads-LegislativeorRule making,PurelyExecutive,JudicialorAdjudicative.NowthemainconsiderationofAdministrativelaw isthecontrolovertheexerciseofthesepowers. Q.2Explaintherelationanddifferencebetweenadministrativelawandconstitutionallaw? RELATIONSHIPBETWEENCONSTITUTIONALLAW ANDADMINISTRATIVELAW :Aseverylawofthe StatemustsatisfytheConstitutionalbenchmark,itisessentialtoknowtherelationshipbetweenthe ConstitutionallawandtheAdministrativelawoftheState.Constitutionallawisthegenusand administrativelawitsspecies,hencethejudge-madelawmustcomplywiththeconstitutional provisions.TherearefewsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenConstitutionalLawand AdministrativeLaw. DifferencebetweenAdministrativelawandConstitutionallaw: 1 )AConstitutionisthesupremelawoftheland.Nolawisabovetheconstitutionandhencemust satisfyitsprovisionsandnotbeinitsviolation.Administrativelawhenceissubordinateto constitutionallaw.Inotherwords,whileConstitutionisthegenus,administrativelawisaspecies. 2 )ConstitutiondealswiththestructureoftheStateanditsvariousorgans.Administrativelaw,on theotherhand,dealsonlywiththeadministration.
3 )WhileConstitutiontouchesallbranchesoflawanddealswithgeneralprinciplesrelatingto organisationandpowersofthevariousorgansoftheState;administrativelawdealsonlywiththe powersandfunctionsoftheadministrativeauthorities. 4 )SimplyspeakingtheadministrativeauthoritiesshouldfirstfollowtheConstitutionandthenwork aspertheadministrativelaw. Similarities: 1 )BothConstitutionalLawandAdministrativeLawarePublicLaw. 2 )Bothhavethesamesourceoflaw. Q.3ExplainthetheoryofruleoflawwhatisitsimportanceinIndianadministrativelawexplain? Ans)MeaningandOrigin:Theruleoflawisaproductofcenturiesofstruggleofthepeopleforthe recognitionoftheirinherentrights.TheconceptofRuleoflawisofoldoriginandisanancientideal. ItwasdiscussedbyancientGreekphilosopherssuchasPlatoandAristotlearound3 5 0BC.Plato wrote:“Wherethelawissubjecttosomeotherauthorityandhasnoneofitsown,thecollapseofthe state,inmyview,isnotfaroff;butiflawisthemasterofthegovernmentandthegovernmentisits slave,thenthesituationisfullofpromiseandmenenjoyalltheblessingsthatthegodsshowerona state”.Likewise,AristotlealsoendorsedtheconceptofRuleoflawbywritingthat“lawshouldbethe finalsovereign.” Thephrase‘RuleofLaw’isderivedfrom theFrenchphrase‘laprincipedelegalite’(theprincipleof legality)whichreferstoagovernmentbasedonprinciplesoflawandnotofmen.Ruleoflawisone ofthebasicprinciplesoftheEnglishConstitutionandthedoctrineisacceptedintheConstitutionof U.S.AandIndiaaswell.TheentirebasisofAdministrativeLawisthedoctrineoftheruleoflaw. AlbertVennDicey(aBritishjuristandconstitutionaltheorist)developedtheconceptofRuleoflawin hisbook‘TheLawoftheConstitution’( 1885 ).Heidentifiesthreeprincipleswhichtogetherestablish theruleoflaw: 1 .Theabsolutesupremacyorpredominanceofregularlawasopposedtotheinfluenceofarbitrary power/AbsenceofdiscretionarypowersandsupremacyofLaw:-viz.nomanisabovelaw.Noman ispunishableexceptforadistinctbreachoflawestablishedinanordinarylegalmannerbefore ordinarycourts.Thegovernmentcannotpunishanyonemerelybyitsownfiat.Personsinauthority donotenjoywide,arbitraryordiscretionarypowers.Diceyassertedthatwhereverthereisdiscretion thereisroom forarbitrariness. 2 .Equalitybeforethelawortheequalsubjectionofallclassestotheordinarylawoftheland administeredbytheordinarycourts;-Everyman,whateverhisrankorcondition,issubjecttothe ordinarylawandjurisdictionoftheordinarycourts.Nopersonshouldbemadetosufferinbodyor deprivedofhispropertyexceptforabreachoflawestablishedintheordinarylegalmannerbefore theordinarycourtsoftheland. 3 .Predominanceoflegalspirit/Theconstitutionistheresultoftheordinarylawoftheland–It meansthatthesourceoftherightofindividualsisnotthewrittenconstitutionbuttheruleas definedandenforcedbythecourts.ThegeneralprinciplesoftheBritishconstitutionandespecially theindividual’sliberty,arejudgemade.i.e.,thesearetheresultofjudicialdecisionsdeterminingthe rightsofprivatepersonsinparticularcasesbroughtbeforethecourtsfrom timetotime.
Q. 4 Explainthedoctrineofseparationofpower?Whatisitsimportanceinadministrativelaw discussalsoitsmeritsanddemerits.? THEDOCTRINEOFSEPARATIONOFPOWERS ThehistoryoforiginofthedoctrineistraceabletoAristotle.Inthe 16 thand1 7 thCenturies,French philosopherJohnBodinandBritishPoliticianLockerespectivelyhadexpoundedthedoctrineof separationofpowers.ButitwasMontesquieu,Frenchjurist,whoforthefirsttimegaveita systematicandscientificformulationinhisbook‘EspritdesLois’(Thespiritofthelaws). NatureandMeaningofthePrinciple-Theseparationofpowersisbasedontheprincipleoftrias politica,whichmeansseparationbetweenthreeindependentpowersinnationi.e.Legislature, AdministrationandJudiciary.Thedoctrineofseparationofpowersmeansthatnoneofthe government,i.e.,thelegislative,executiveandjudicialshouldeverexercisethepowersoftheother. Itmeansthatthethreedepartmentsofgovernmentaretobeseparatedanddistinct.Theyaretobe independentofoneanother,andeachcanexerciseonlyonetypeofauthority,legislative,executive orjudicial. Thetheoryofseparationofpowerssignifiesthreeformulationsofstructuralclassificationof governmentalpowers. A)Thesamepersonshouldnotform partofmorethanoneofthethreeorgansofthegovernment; forexample,ministersshouldnotsitinparliament. B)Oneorganofthegovernmentshouldnotinterferewithanyotherorgansofthegovernment.For example,theexecutiveshouldnotinterfereintheadministrationofjusticebythecourts. C)Oneorganofthegovernmentshouldnotexercisethefunctionsassignedtoanyotherorgan.For example,theexecutivebranchcannotlegislatelaws,andaswellitcannotadjudicatecases. THEMERITSOFTHETHEORYOFSEPARATIONOFPOWERSARESTATEDBELOW. 1 .ProtectionofLibertyandRights:Thetheoryofseparationofpowersprotectiontothelibertyand rightsoftheindividual,andprotectshim from differentofdespotism andoppression. 2 .Efficiencyinadministration:separationofpowersprovideefficiencyintheadministrationofthe country.Aspowersaredistributedamongthegovernmentdepartments,thesedepartmentsgain deepknowledgeofthematterstheywith,andbecomemoreefficient. 3 .LimitedGovernment:Aspowersaredistributedamongdifferentdepartthesedepartmentsenjoy onlylimitedpowers.Thispreventsriseofdictatorship. 4 .Checksandbalances:separationofpowerworkswellwhenthereistheprincipleofchecksand balances,thishelptocheckontheshortcomingsofanyofthearmsofgovernment,theexecutive throughthistechniquecancheckthejudiciaryandthetwointurncouldcheckthelegislatureandso on. DEMERITSOFSEPARATIONOFPOWER 1 .NotFullyPossible:Thistheoryisnotfullypossible.Theexecutivehassomeroleinrule-making, andthelegislaturealsoperformssomejudicialfunctions.Forexample,impeachmentwhichis judicialinnatureisdonebythelegislature.
2 .AdministrativeComplications:Separationofpowersresultsinadministrativecomplications.It becomesdifficulttoforgecooperation,coordinationandharmonyamongtheorgansofgovernment. 3 .ConfusionandDeadlock:Separationofpowersleadstojealousy,suspicionandfrictionamong the organs ofgovernment.While producing disharmonyand confusion,itmayparalyse the administration. 4 .Itcan delay& affectPerformance:checksand balancescan delayand affecteach arm's performanceinthedecisionmakingprocess POSITIONININDIA:CONSTITUTIONALPROVISIONS: TherearenoseparateprovisionsregardingtheDoctrineofSeparationofPowershasbeengivenin ourConstitution.ButtherearesomedirectiveprinciplesaregivenintheconstitutionasinPart-IV andPart-VandArticale- 5 0ofourconstitutionisseparatingthejudiciaryfrom executiveas,“thestate shalltakestepstoseparatejudiciaryfrom theexecutiveinthepublicservicesofthestate,”and exceptthisthereisnoformalanddogmaticdivisionofpowers.InIndia,notonlyfunctional overlappingistherebutalsothepersonaloverlappingisprevailing. Judiciary:UnderArticle- 14 2andArticle- 14 5ofourconstitution,theSChasthepowertodeclarevoid thelawspassedbylegislatureandactionstakenbytheexecutiveiftheyviolateanyprovisionofthe constitutionorthelawpassedbythelegislatureincaseofexecutiveactions.Eventhepowerto amendtheconstitutionbyParliamentissubjecttothescrutinyoftheCourt.TheCourtcandeclare anyamendmentvoidifitchangesthebasicstructureoftheconstitution.[KeshavanandaBhartiv. StateofKerla,( 1973 )4SCC2 25 ,AIR1 97 3SC1 461 .]Inmanycasescourtshaveissueddirections fortheParliamenttomakepolicies. Executive:ThePresidentofIndiawhoisthesupremeexecutiveauthorityinIndiaexerciselaw makingpowerintheform ofordinancemakingpowerunderArticle- 123 ,alsotheJudicialpowers underArticle- 103 ( 1 )andArticle- 217 ( 3 ),hehastheconsultingpowertotheSCofIndiaunderArticle- 14 3andalsothepardoningpowerinArticle- 7 2oftheConstitution.Theexecutivealsoaffecting functioningofthejudiciarybymakingappointmentstotheofficeofChiefJusticeofIndiaandother judges. Legislature:TheCouncilofMinisterisselectedfrom thelegislatureandthisCouncilisresponsible forthelegislature.Thelegislatureexercisingjudicialpowersincasesofbreachofitsprivileges, impeachmentofthePresidentunderArticle- 6 1andremovalofjudges.Thelegislativebodyhasthe punitivepowersunderArticle- 105 ( 3 ). Conclusion-InbriefwecansaythattheDoctrineofSeparationPowers;isfollowedinUSwitha spirit,neverfollowedinUKpurely,andIndiahasfolloweditwithlargeexceptions.
Unit 2
Q. 1 )Delegationnonpotestdelegatediscusstherelevanceofthisdoctrine?Whatdoyouunderstand bydelegatedlegislation?Whatarethecausesofthegrowthofdelegatedlegislationdiscussits constitutionalityinindiawiththehelpofdecidedcases? DelegatedLegislation-Itisnoteasytogettheexactdefinitionofdelegatedlegislation.Delegated legislation,alsoreferredtoassecondarylegislation,islegislationmadebyapersonorbodyother thanParliament. Accordingto Salmond,delegationlegislationis thelegislationthatcomesfrom anyform of authorityapartfrom thesovereignpoweranddependsonasupremeauthorityforthecontinuance ofitsexistence. Delegatedlegislationisakindofsubordinatelegislation.Generally,the‘delegatedlegislation’means thelawmadebytheexecutiveunderthepowersdelegatedtoitbytheSupremelegislativeauthority. Itcomesintheform oforders,bye-lawsetc.TheCommitteeonMinister’spowersaidthattheterm delegatedlegislationhastwomeanings- 1 .Itmeanstheexerciseofpowerthatisdelegatedtotheexecutivetomakerules. 2 .Itmeanstheoutputortherulesorregulationsetc.madeunderthepowersogiven. Therearethreemeasuresofcontrollingabuseofpowerthroughdelegatedlegislation(asadoptedin India).HerewemaygivesomeinstancesofdelegationviztheNorthernIndiaCanalandDrainageact 1873 ,TheAdvocateAct 1961 ,TheIndianMedicalCouncilact,TheRighttoInformationact 200 5etc. DelegationnonpotestdelegateLegalrulethatanagenttowhom anauthorityordecisionmaking powerhasbeendelegatedbyaprincipalorhigherauthoritymaynotdelegateittoasubagent unlesstheoriginaldelegatorexpresslyauthorizesit,orthereisanimpliedauthoritytodoso.Itsisa fundamentalprincipleofadministrativelaw.Itisaprincipleinconstitutionalandadministrativelaw thatmeansinLatinthat"nodelegatedpowerscanbefurtherdelegated."Alternatively,itcanbe stateddelegatusnonpotestdelegare("onetowhom powerisdelegatedcannothimselffurther delegatethatpower"). InIndia,thelawwasfirststatedinAKROYv.StateOfPunjab,( 1986 )4SCC3 26 ,thatsubdelegation ofdelegatedpowerisultravirestotheEnablingAct. REASONSFORGROWTHOFDELEGATEDLEGISLATION Manyfactorsareresponsiblefortherapidgrowthofdelegatedlegislationineverymodern democraticstate.Thetraditionaltheoryoflaissez-faire’hasbeengivenupbyeverystateandtheold “policestate”hasnowbecomea“Welfaresate”.Becauseoftheradicalchangeinthephilosophyas totheroleofthestate,itsfunctionshaveincreased.Consequently,delegatedlegislationhasbecome essential.Accordingtothecommitteeonministers’powerthefollowingfactorsareresponsiblefor therapidgrowthofdelegatedlegislation. (a)Pressureuponparliamentarytime:Parliamentisanextremelybusybody.Itisoverloadedand burdenedwithlegislativework.Ithastoenactsomanylegislationthatitcanhardlylookintodetail ofeverylaw.Thehorizonsofstateactivitiesareexpanding.Thebulkoflegislationissogreat.Itis
notpossibleforthelegislaturetodevotesufficienttimetodiscussallthemattersindetail. Therefore,legislatureformulatesthegeneralpolicy–theskeletonandempowerstheexecutiveto fillinthedetails–thusgivingfleshandbloodtotheskeletonsothatitmaylive-byissuing necessaryrules,regulation,bye-lawsetc. (b)Technicality:Sometimes,subjectmatteroflegislationistechnicalinnature.So,assistanceof expertsisrequired.Membersofparliamentmaybethebestpoliticiansbuttheyarenotexpertto dealwithhighlytechnicalmatters.Thesemattersarerequiredtobehandledbyexperts.Here,the legislativepowermaybeconferredonexpertstodealwiththetechnicalproblems.i.e.gas,atomic energy,drugs,electricityetc. (c)Flexibility:Incaseofdelegatedlegislationchangesinthelegislationtakeplacemorefrequently andwithoutdelay,thisisnotpossibleinlegislationbyparliament.Moreover,theimplementationof lawbecomeseasierandflexiblebymeansofdelegatedlegislation. (d)Experiment:Thepracticeofdelegatedlegislationenablestheexecutivetoexperiment.This methodpermitsrapidutilizationofexperienceandimplementationofnecessarychangesin applicationoftheprovisionsinthelightofsuchexperience. (e).Emergency:Intimesofemergency,quickactionisrequiredtobetaken.Thelegislativeprocess isnotequippedtoprovideforurgentsolutiontomeettheemergencysituation.Deleqatedlegislation istheonlyconvenientremedy. (f)Complexityofmodernadministration:Thecomplexityofmodernadministrationandthe expansionofthefunctionsofthestatetotheeconomicandsocialspherehaverendereditis necessarytoresorttonewformsoflegislationandtogivewidepowerstovariousauthoritieson suitableoccasions. Therefore,therehasbeenrapidgrowthofdelegatedlegislationinallcountriesanditbecomes indispensableinmodernadministrativeera.
Q2)Discussinbrieftheprocedurallegislativecontrolonthedelegatedlegislation?Howthejudicial controlisexercisedondelegatedlegislation?
PARLIAMENTARYCONTROL
ParliamentarycontrolisconsideredasanormalconstitutionalfunctionbecausetheExecutiveis responsibletotheParliament. Intheinitialstageofparliamentarycontrol,itismadesurethatthelawprovidestheextentof delegatedpower.ThesecondstageofsuchcontrolinvolveslayingoftheBillbeforetheParliament. Therearethreetypesoflaying- Simplelaying-Inthis,therulesandregulationsmadecomeintoeffectassoonastheyarelaid beforetheParliament.Itisdonetoinform theParliament,theconsentoftheParliamentwithrespect toitsapprovaloftherulesandregulationsmadearenotrequired. Negativelaying-TherulescomeintoforceassoonastheyareplacedbeforetheParliamentbut ceasetohaveeffectifdisapprovedbytheParliament. Affirmativelaying-TherulesmadeshallnoeffectunlessapprovedbyboththeHousesofthe Parliament.
PROCEDURALCONTROL
ProceduralcontrolmeanstheproceduresdefinedintheParentAct(Actdelegatingthelegislating power)havetobefollowedbytheadministrativeauthoritywhilemakingtherules. Itinvolvespre-publicationoftherulessothatthepeoplewhowouldbeaffectedbytheproposed rulesknowitbeforehandandcanmakerepresentationsiftheyarenotsatisfied. Afterpre-publicationisdoneandoncealltheconcernedbodies,personsandauthoritieshavebeen consultedtherulesaretobepublishedintheofficialgazettesothatthepublicisawareofthe existenceoftherules. JUDICIALCONTROL Thejudiciarylooksintothefollowingaspectstodeterminethelegalvalidityoftherulessomade usingthepowersodelegated- 1 )Iftheadministrativelegislationisultra-virestheConstitution. 2 )Iftheadministrativelegislationisultra-virestheParentAct. 3 )Iftheadministrativelegislationisarbitrary,unreasonableanddiscriminatory. 4 )Iftheadministrativelegislationismalafide. 5 )Iftheadministrativelegislationencroachesupontherightsofprivatecitizensderivedfrom the commonlaw,intheabsenceofanexpressauthorityintheParentAct. 6 )Iftheadministrativelegislationisinconflictwithanotherstatute. 7 )Powerofthelegislatingauthoritytolegislatetherule. 8 )Iftheadministrativelegislationisvague. Judicialcontroloverdelegatedlegislaturecanbeexercisedatthefollowingtwolevels:- 1 .Delegationmaybechallengedasunconstitutional;or 2 .ThattheStatutorypowerhasbeenimproperlyexercised. Thedelegationcanbechallengedinthecourtsoflawasbeingunconstitutional,excessiveor arbitrary. Thescopeofpermissibledelegationisfairlywide.Withinthewidelimits,delegationissustainedit doesnototherwise;infringetheprovisionsoftheConstitution.Thelimitationsimposedbythe applicationoftheruleofultraviresarequiteclear.IftheActoftheLegislatureunderwhichpoweris delegated,isultravires,thepowerofthelegislatureinthedelegationcanneverbegood. NodelegatedlegislationcanbeinconsistentwiththeprovisionsoftheFundamentalRights.Ifthe ActviolatesanyFundamentalRightstherules,regula tionsandbye-lawsframedthereunder cannotbebetter.
S.No Judicialfunction Quasijudicialfunction 1 Asliesinterparties(adisputebetweentwo parties)isanessentialcharacteristicfeature ofjudicialfunction. Alisinterpartiesisnotanessential characteristicfeatureofquasi-judicial function. 2 Theevidenceshallbetakenonoath. Theevidenceisnottakenonoath. 3 Therulesofevidence,CivilProcedureCode, etc.arestrictlyfollowed. Therulesofevidence,C.P.C.,Cr.P.C.etc. arenotstrictlyfollowed. 4 TheCourtfee,asperrules,arerequiredtobe paid. Courtfeeisnotrequiredtobepaid. 5 Thedoctrinesofprecedents,staredecisis etc.shallstrictlybefollowed. Thesedoctrinesarenotfollowedstrictly. 6 Nomanajudgeinhisowncase.Thismaxim isstrictlyfollowed. Sometimes,itmayberelaxedhere. 7 Thecourtistherealforum ofjudicial proceedings. Itisonlyatrappingofacourt,butinrealityit isnotacourt. Unit 3 ):Q. 1 )SalientfeaturesofAdministrativetribunals.Howisitdifferfrom court?Pointoutthe advantageofanAdministrativeTribunaloveracourt?Whatarethereasonsofthegrowthof TribunalinModernTimes?MeritsanddemeritsofAdministrativeTribunalinIndia? Administrativetribunalsareagenciescreatedbyspecificenactments. MaincharacteristicsofAdministrativeTribunals 1 )AdministrativeTribunalisacreationofastatute. 2 )AnAdministrativeTribunalisvestedinthejudicialpoweroftheStateandtherebyperformsquasi- judicialfunctionsasdistinguishedfrom pureadministrativefunctions. 3 )AdministrativeTribunalisboundtoactjudiciallyandfollowtheprinciplesofnaturaljustice. 4 )Itisrequiredtoactopenly,fairlyandimpartially. 5 )AnadministrativeTribunalisnotboundbythestrictrulesofprocedureandevidenceprescribed bythecivilprocedurecourt. TherearefourcategoriesoftribunalsinIndia: 1 )Administrativebodiesexercisingquasi-judicialfunctions,whetheraspartandparcelofthe Departmentorotherwise.
2 )Administrativeadjudicatorybodies,whichareoutsidethecontroloftheDepartmentinvolvedin thedisputeandhencedecidedisputeslikeajudgefreefrom judicialbias.Example:TheIncomeTax AppellateTribunalisundertheMinistryofLawandnotunderMinistryofFinance. 3 )TribunalsunderArticle 13 6inwhichtheauthorityexercisesinherentjudicialpowersoftheState. Becausethefunctionsofthebodyareconsideredimportantoverthecontrol,compositionand procedure,evenDepartmentalbodiescanbeclassifiedasTribunals. 4 )TribunalsconstitutedunderArticle 323 Aand3 23 Bhavingaconstitutionaloriginandenjoyingthe powersandstatusofaHighCourt.
