lecture exercise of compter acrhitecture, Thesis of Advanced Computer Architecture

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Chapter 1

Computer Abstractions

and Technology

The Computer Revolution

◼ Progress in computer technology

◼ Underpinned by Moore’s Law

◼ Makes novel applications feasible

◼ Computers in automobiles

◼ Cell phones

◼ Human genome project

◼ World Wide Web

◼ Search Engines

◼ Computers are pervasive

1.1 Introduction

The Processor Market

What You Will Learn

◼ How programs are translated into the

machine language

◼ And how the hardware executes them

◼ The hardware/software interface

◼ What determines program performance

◼ And how it can be improved

◼ How hardware designers improve

performance

◼ What is parallel processing

Below Your Program

◼ Application software

◼ Written in high-level language

◼ System software

◼ Compiler: translates HLL code to

machine code

◼ Operating System: service code

◼ Handling input/output ◼ Managing memory and storage ◼ Scheduling tasks & sharing resources

◼ Hardware

◼ Processor, memory, I/O controllers

1.2 Below Your Program

Levels of Program Code

◼ High-level language

◼ Level of abstraction closer

to problem domain

◼ Provides for productivity

and portability

◼ Assembly language

◼ Textual representation of

instructions

◼ Hardware representation

◼ Binary digits (bits)

◼ Encoded instructions and

data

Anatomy of a Computer

Output

device

Input

device

Input

device

Network

cable

Anatomy of a Mouse

◼ Optical mouse

◼ LED illuminates

desktop

◼ Small low-res camera

◼ Basic image processor

◼ Looks for x, y movement

◼ Buttons & wheel

◼ Supersedes roller-ball

mechanical mouse

Opening the Box

Inside the Processor (CPU)

◼ Datapath: performs operations on data

◼ Control: sequences datapath, memory, ...

◼ Cache memory

◼ Small fast SRAM memory for immediate

access to data

Abstractions

◼ Abstraction helps us deal with complexity

◼ Hide lower-level detail

◼ Instruction set architecture (ISA)

◼ The hardware/software interface

◼ Application binary interface

◼ The ISA plus system software interface

◼ Implementation

◼ The details underlying and interface

The BIG Picture

Some Definitions

What is Computer Architecture?

The science and art of designing, selecting,

and interconnecting hardware components

and designing the hardware/software

interface to create a computing system that

meets functional, performance, energy

consumption, cost, and other specific goals.

Some Definitions

◼ A datapath is a collection of functional units, such as arithmetic logic

units or multipliers, that perform data processing operations. It is a central

part of many central processing units (CPUs) along with the control unit,

which largely regulates interaction between the datapath and the data itself,

usually stored in registers or main memory.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapath]

Some Definitions

◼ The term memory hierarchy is used in computer architecture when discussing

performance issues in computer architectural design, algorithm predictions, and the

lower level programming constructs such as involving locality of reference. A "memory

hierarchy" in computer storage distinguishes each level in the "hierarchy" by response

time. Since response time, complexity, and capacity are related, the levels may also

be distinguished by the controlling technology.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchy]