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Cultural Anthropology: Mores, Folkways, and Cultural Diversity, Essays (university) of Chemistry

London Metropolitan UniversityChemistry

wehfheiwashnve

Typology: Essays (university)

2015/2016

Uploaded on 03/14/2016

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MORES AND FOLKWAYS
•Mores:Society’s standards of proper moral conduct. Such standards have been
considered as essential to maintaining a way of life. These are the notions of right or
wrong developed by society.
•Violation of mores brings a strong reaction from others.
•Folkways:Society’s customs for routine, casual interaction. These are of less moral
significance. Examples can be: proper dress, appropriate greetings, and common
courtesy. People usually ignore the violation of folkways.
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MORES AND FOLKWAYS

  • Mores : Society’s standards of proper moral conduct. Such standards have been considered as essential to maintaining a way of life. These are the notions of right or wrong developed by society.
  • Violation of mores brings a strong reaction from others.
  • Folkways : Society’s customs for routine, casual interaction. These are of less moral significance. Examples can be: proper dress, appropriate greetings, and common courtesy. People usually ignore the violation of folkways.

“IDEAL” CULTURE AND “REAL”

CULTURE

  • Ideal culture : Social patterns that are mandated by cultural values and norms. The ideal values and norms, which are prevalent in the society.
  • Real culture: Actual social patterns those only approximate cultural expectations. The norms and value that people actually follow. It can also be how many people follow these cultural patterns. Or how much a person observes a cultural pattern. Since this can be explained in numbers therefore it may also be called a statistical norm.

CULTURE BY SOCIAL CLASS

  • People often divide society in different social classes and find that each class represents differences in their norms, values, beliefs, attitudes, and thinking. These norms, values, and attitudes may relate to the institutions of marriage and family, religion, education, earning a living, or their political behavior, one could find the differences. In this perspective culture is often divided into as:
  • High culture: Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite.
  • Popular culture: Cultural patterns those are widespread among a society’s population.
  • Culture of poverty: Cultural patterns shared by the poor.

MULTICULTURALISM

  • A policy followed by some governments whereby they recognize cultural diversity in the society and promote the equality of all cultural traditions. Canadian government is following such a policy.

CULTURAL CHANGE

  • Cultural change is the process of alteration of culture over time. Any difference in a particular pattern between two points in time may be called cultural change. This may be a change in the family pattern, which is changing from ‘joint family system’ to an ‘independent family system’ in Pakistani society.

CAUSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE

Inventions:

  • The process of creating new cultural elements out of the existing elements. Discovery:
  • It is the process of finding that already exists. Diffusion:
  • It means the spread of cultural traits from one society to another. It is the borrowing of culture by one group from another. For purposes of diffusion contact between the two groups or societies is necessary. Ethnocentrism
  • The practice of judging other’s culture by the standards of one’s own culture. People consider their own culture as superior to others and apply their standards for evaluating the patterns of behavior of others. Xeno-centrism
  • Considering other’s culture as superior to one’s own.

CULTURE AND HUMAN FREEDOM

  • Culture may put all kinds of constraints on the behavior of people and at the

same time there is the freedom, which may be provided by the same

culture.

  • Culture as constraint: Cannot live without culture therefore we have to

accept it. We are the prisoners of culture.

  • Culture as freedom: Culture provides the opportunity to make and remake

our world.

ASSIGNMENT NO.

Question NO. 1 (CLO 1 ):

• Briefly describe the role of engineers in the development and

ever evolving nature of culture?

Question NO. 2 (CLO 2 ):

• Discuss when a particular culture gets extinct and finally vanish?