Learning Theory: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning, Lecture notes of Learning processes

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Learning

Chapter 6

Three Types of Learning

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

• Observational learning

John Watson: Little Albert Study Pavlov

Classical Conditioning

• Neutral Stimulus (NS)

• Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

• Unconditioned Response (UCR)

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

• Conditioned Response (CR)

Classical Conditioning

• Before conditioning

• NS -> no response

• UCS -> UCR

• During conditioning

• NS + UCS -> UCR

• After conditioning

• CS -> CR

Screwdriver

• Orange Juice?

• Vodka?

• Vomiting?

• OJ that makes you feel sick?

• Sick feelings after smelling OJ?

Operant Conditioning

• Reinforcement

• Punishment

Skinner - Shaping Basic concepts

• Acquisition

• Shaping

• Extinction

• Stimulus control: Generalization and discrimination

Intermittent Reinforcement

• Resistance to extinction

• Types:

• Ratio

• Interval

• Fixed

• Variable

Reinforcement schedules: Examples

• a maid may take a break after

cleaning three rooms

• watching shooting stars at night

• a teenager receives an allowance

every Sunday

• a baseball player who gets a hit

approx. every third time at bat

• checking the oven to see if the cookies are done

• a blueberry picker receives $

after filling 5 pint boxes

• a charity gets a donation for about

every 10 phone calls it makes

• calling a garage mechanic to see if your car is fixed yet

• a student’s grade increases one level for every book review

• going to the cafeteria to see if the

next meal is available

• Negative reinforcement

• Punishment

• Escape learning

• Avoidance learning

• Phobias

Observational Learning