Large roofs and sports stadiums
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Wind Load Analysis & Static Load Distribution in Large Roofs & Stadiums, Slides of Environmental Law and Policy
An in-depth analysis of wind loads on large roofs and sports stadiums, discussing general flow characteristics, mean pressure distributions, and structural loads. It also covers wind-tunnel testing methods for identifying effective static load distributions and the impact of resonant modes on load effects.
Typology: Slides
2012/2013
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- Entertainment centres, exhibition centres, sports arenas etc
- Quasi-steady approach is not applicable
- Resonant effects can be significant
- Bending moments in arches and domes are sensitive to distribution of wind load
- General flow characteristics :
- On arched roof, separation occurs downstream of apex
Separation point
- Mean pressure distributions :
- Fluctuations in pressure will generate downwards pressures for short times
U.W.O. Wind-tunnel tests
Cp 1.
- Arched roof :
wind loads depend strongly on R/S (rise/span)
less strongly on L/S and he/S
L
S
R
he
- Arched roof (Cp) :
R/S = 0.2 he/R = 0.45 L/S = 1.0 = 0o
+0.
-0.8^ -0.
+0.
0
+0.
-0.
-0.3 (^) -0.5^ -0.6 +0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
increasing L/S pressures on roof become more negative
R/S = 0.5 he/R = 0.45 L/S = 1.0 = 0o lower negative values
- -1. gap at rear reduces net pressures
- -1.
- -1.
- -1. - -0.7 -0. - -0. - -0. - -0.
- -0. - 0.0 0.1 0. - 0. - 0.
- -1. - -0.7 -0. - -0. - -0. - -0.
- -1.
- -1.
- -1. - -0. - -0. - +0. - -1. - -0. - -0. - -0. - +0. - +0. - +0. - +0. - +0. - -0. - -0. - -0. - -0. - -0. - -0. - -0.
- -0. - +0. - -0. - -0. - -0. - -0.
- higher negative values -0. - -0. • Arched roof (Cp) : - -0. - -0.3 -0. - -0. - -0. - -0. - +0. - +0. - +0. - -0.7 - -0. - -0.
- -0.15 -0.2 -0.
- -0.
- Structural loads - effective static load distributions
Instantaneous pressure distributions vary greatly from time to time due to
turbulence, vortex generation etc. Shapes may vary greatly from the mean
pressure distribution
Need to identify those distributions which produce maximum load effects
Arch roof (Kasperski,1992) :
Extreme load distribution for the support reaction, R
Extreme load distribution for the bending moment at C
Gust pressure envelope
C (^) C =0.5p R
45
- Structural loads - effective static load distributions
- Structural loads - effective static load distributions
Sydney Olympics, 2000
Superdome (^) Stadium
Australia
- Structural loads - effective static load distributions
Stadium Australia (Sydney Olympics, 2000)
22
23
24
19
20
21
18
17
(^131416)
15
12
(^14710)
2 5
6
(^811)
3 9
N
Panel layout for wind-tunnel testing
- Structural loads - effective static load distributions
Stadium Australia (Sydney Olympics, 2000)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
20
40
-0.
WSW wind pressure coefficient for minimum load in Member 23 Area 8
- Structural loads - effective static load distributions
Superdome (Sydney Olympics, 2000)
2 1
3
4
5
6
7 8 9
10
11
12
13
14
(^1615)
17
18
19 20 21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
- Structural loads - effective static load distributions
Superdome (Sydney Olympics, 2000)
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
-0.
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Panel Number
Pressure /kPa
Extreme pressure limits Correlation approach Direct approach
WSW
SSE
Effective static load distributions for axial loads in a particular roof member