Jurisprudence law for karnataka state law university, Lecture notes of Law

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AL-AMEENCOLLEGEOFLAW

IMPORTANTQUESTIONWITH

ANSWERSDECEMBER- 2019

IIISEM 3YEARSLL.B.( 80 / 2 0PATTERN)

SUBJECT:JURISPRUDENCE

PREPAREDBY:

Ms.SahanaFlorence

Asst.Prof.

Al-AmeenCollegeofLaw

UNIT-I

Q.No. 1 .DefineJurisprudence.ExplainthenatureandscopeofJurisprudence? IntroductiontoJurisprudence: Lawisnotanewconceptforthehumansociety.Sincefrom thetimeimmemorial wefinditsexistenceinoneform ortheother.Lawhasnowbecomeanecessaryevil, eventhoughitcurtailmyfreedom,limitsmymovebutstillIwantlawtobetheresothat Imayenjoymyrightinasociety.Wecannotassumehumansocietyinabsenceoflaw. Lawintroducesbalanceinsocietyandhelpinmaintenanceofpublicorderandsecurity. Conceptoflawchangesasperthesocietyinwhichitisoperatinganddevelopsalong withsociety. Jurisprudenceisthescience,studyandtheoryoflaw.Itincludesprinciples behindthelawthatmakesthelaw.Scholarsofjurisprudencearecalledas“Jurists”or legaltheorists.Modernjurisprudencebeganinthe1 8 thcenturyandwasfocusedonthe firstprincipleofnaturallaw,civillawandthelawofnations. Jurisprudence-ItsNature,Meaning,Definition&Scope  NatureofJurisprudence: Theword“Jurisprudence”isderivedfrom aLatinwordjurisprudential,whichin itswidestsense,means‘knowledgeoflaw’orskillinlaw.TheLatinword“Juris”means ‘Law’and“Prudentia”meansskillorknowledge.Thusjurisprudencesignifiesknowledge oflawanditsapplication.Inthissenseitcoversthewholebodyoflegalprinciplesinthe world.Thehistoryoftheconceptoflaw revealsthatjurisprudencehasassumed differentmeaningsatdifferenttimes.Itistherefore,difficulttoattemptasingular definitionoftheterm.Ithasalonghistoryofevolutionbeginningfrom classicalGreek periodto2 1 stCenturymodernjurisprudencewithnumerouschangesinitsnaturein variousstagesofitsevolution. DuringtheformativeeraofthecommonlawinEngland,theterm ‘jurisprudence’ wasbeingusedinacomprehensivesensetoincludethestudyofvariousseriesoflaw. However,intheearlydecadesofthe1 9 th^ Centurywiththetheoriespropoundedby Bentham andhisdiscipleAustin,theterm ‘jurisprudence’acquiredadefinitemeaning. Later,AustinconcernedhimselfmainlywiththeformalanalysisoftheEnglishlawand its related concepts,which stillcontinues to be the basic contents ofEnglish jurisprudence.  MeaningandDefinitionsofJurisprudence:

speaking,jurisprudenceincludesallconceptsofhumanorderandhumanconductin StateandSociety.Inotherwords,anythingthatconcernsorderinthestateand societywillbewithinthedomainofjurisprudence. Commenting on the scope ofjurisprudence,Justice.P.B.Mukarjee observed, “Jurisprudenceisbothanintellectualandidealisticabstractionaswellasbehavioral studyofmaninsociety.Itincludespolitical,social,economicandculturalideas.It coversthestudyofmaninrelationtostateandsociety. Jurisprudenceisascienceinsofarasitdealswiththeknowledgeofthelawand legalprinciples.Jurisprudenceisanexperimentalstudyoflegalideasandidealsand socialphilosophyandpoliticalideologyinform andcontent,natureandfunction whichmakeitalivinganddynamicdiscipline.Functionallyspeaking,itisatechnique ofmethodologytodevise,designandidentifysuchpressingdemandsorproblems which requiresolution with theparametersoflaw and othersocialnorms.It, therefore,followsthatjurisprudencecomprisesphilosophyoflaw anditsobjectis nottodiscovernewrulebuttoreflectontherulesalreadyknown. Q.No. 2 .ExaminetheSubjectmatterandUtilityofJurisprudence.

Jurisprudenceisthescience,studyandtheoryoflaw.Itincludesprinciples behindthelawthatmakesthelaw.Scholarsofjurisprudencearecalledas“Jurists”or legaltheorists.Modernjurisprudencebeganinthe1 8 thcenturyandwasfocusedonthe firstprincipleofnaturallaw,civillawandthelawofnations.

Contents/SubjectMatterofJurisprudence:

Thesubject-matterofjurisprudence,then,islawandlawalone.Itisthescience ofpositiveoractuallaw.Jurisprudencetellsuswhatislaw;how itiscameinto existence;whyitcameintobeing,howitworks,howitdevelopsandwhetherittends.In otherwords,jurisprudencetellsthenatureandelementsoflaw,thesourceoflaw,the purposeoflaw,andtheapplicationoflaw.Inshort,jurisprudencestudiesthegenesis, thegrowth,thefunctionandtheendofpositivelaw.

Therearedivergentviewsregardingtheexactcontentsofjurisprudence.Butit hasbeengenerallyacceptedthatsources,legalconceptsandlegaltheoryconstitutes themainpremisesofthestudyofjurisprudence.

1 .Sources:itiswellknownthatthebasicfeaturesofalegalsystem aremainlyto

befoundinitsauthoritativesourcesandthenatureandworkingoflegalauthority behind these sources. Therefore, they obviously form the content of jurisprudence.Underthisheadmatterssuchascustoms,legislation,precedent asasourceoflaw.Prosandconsofcodificationoflaws,methodsofjudicial interpretationandreasoning,aninquiryintotheadministrationofjusticeetc…are includedinthis. 2 .LegalConcept:anotherareawhichconcernsjurisprudenceistheanalysisof legalconceptssuchasrights,property,ownership,possession,obligation,acts, negligence,legalpersonalityandtherelatedissues.Jurisprudencetriestobring outamorecomprehensivepictureofeachconceptasawhole.Thestudyof theseabstractlegalconceptsfurnishesabackgroundforbetterunderstandingof lawinitsvariousforms. 3 .LegalTheory:besidesthesourcesandtheforcesoperatingbehindthem and variouslegalconcepts,legaltheoryalsoconstituteoneofthemaincomponents ofjurisprudence.Legaltheoryisconcernedwithlawasitexistsandfunctionsin thesociety,and mannerin which law iscreated and enforced asalso the influenceofsocialopinionandlawoneachother.Thus,legaltheoryseekstoco- relatelawwithotherdisciplinessuchasreligion,philosophy,ethics;politicsetc… andpursueitsstudyinawidersocio-legalperspective.Itistherefore,necessary thatwhileanalyzinglegalconcepts,aneffortshouldalsobemadetopresent them inthebackgroundofsocialdevelopmentsandchangingeconomicand politicalattitudes.

Importance/Utility/ValuesofJurisprudence:

1 .JurisprudencehasaPracticalApplicability: Thereisageneralconfusionaboutpracticalutilityofjurisprudenceasa subject.Itisoftenallegedthatjurisprudencebeingabstractandtheoretical subject,isdevoidofanypracticalutility.Jurisprudenceisatheoreticalsubject butalso has a practicaland educationalvalue.Itseeks to rationalize the conceptsoflaw which enableusto solvethedifferentproblemsinvolving

5 .JurisprudenceTrainstheMinds: Ittrainsthemind to solvethedifficultlegalprovisionsinlegalway. Jurisprudencehelpsthejudgesandthelawyersinascertainingthetruemeaning ofthelawspassedbytheLegislaturebyprovidingtherulesofinterpretation.It also furnishes them opportunityto pinpointthe lacunae,shortcomings and defectsinthelawsframedbythelegislatureandimprovisethem throughtheir judicialinterpretation. 6 .JurisprudenceisUsefulinArtofPleadingandLegislation: Ithelps the legislatures and the lawyers,the properuse oflegal terminology.Itrelievesthem tothebotherationcreationofdefiningagain andagaincertainexpression.

Q.NO. 3 .Discusslegalrealism.Howisitdifferentfrom Austin’sTheoryofLaw?

Lawisameanstosocialends;andeverypartofithasconstantlytobeexamined foritspurposeandeffects,andtobejudgedinthelightofbothandtheirrelationto eachother.Societychangesfasterthanlawandsothereisaconstantneedtoexamine how law meetscontemporarysocialproblems.Realistsareopposedtothevalueof legalterminology,fortheyconsideritastacitmethodofsuppressinguncertaintyoflaw. Therealistsintroducedstudiesofcaselawfrom thepointofviewwhichdistinguished betweenrationalizationbyajudgeinconventionallegalterminologyofadecision alreadyreachedandthemotivationsbehindthedecisionsitself. Analternativetheorytobothpositivism andnaturalism islegalrealism.Legal realistsFocuson “law inaction”ratherthanwith“law inbooks.Theysaylaw is whatlawyersandjudgesdowhen“practicinglaw”insteadthesayings,quotationsand interpretationoflegaltheoristandjurists.Ifstudiedindetail,wecometoknow that realistssaythedecisionofajudgeisthelaw.Becauseheisthesovereigntointerpret thelaw.Thedoctrineofprecedenthasaverysignificantplaceinrealisttheory. LegalRealism statesthatanunderstandingofthelaw isnotattainedbya methodofdeductioninstead bestunderstoodasamatterofprediction.Oneofthe leadingsupporterofRealism isOliverWendellHolmes.Realistsbelievethattherecan benocertaintyaboutlawanditspredictabilitydependsuponthesetoffactswhichare beforethecourtfordecision.Theydonotsupportformal,logicalandconceptual approachtolaw becausetheCourtwhiledecidingacasereachesitsdecisionson

‘emotive’ratherthan‘logical’ground. Realism wasamovementwithoutaclearlyarticulatedtheoreticalfoundationof itsown.Somejuristsrefusetoacceptrealism asaseparateschoolofjurisprudence. AccordingtoLlewellyn,“thereisnorealistschoolassuch,itisonlyamovementin thoughtandworkaboutlaw.”Realism istheanti-thesisofidealism.Americanrealism is a combination of the analyticalpositivism and sociologicalapproaches. Julius Stonecallstherealistmovementa‘gloss’onthesociologicalapproach. Themaincontributionofrealiststojurisprudenceliesinthefactthattheyhave approachedlawinapositivespiritanddemonstratedthefutilityoftheoreticalconcepts ofjusticeandnaturallaw.Opposingpositivist’sview,therealistsholdthatlaw is uncertainandindeterminableinnaturetherefore,certaintyoflawisamyth.According toFriedman,realistmovementisanattempttorationalizeandmodernizethelaw-both administrationoflaw andthematerialforlegislativechange,byutilizingscientific methodandtakingintoaccountthefactualrealitiesofsociallife.AccordingtoJulius Stone,“realistmovementisaglossonthesociologicalapproachtojurisprudence.He considersrealism asacombinationofthepositivistandthesociologicalapproach.Itis positivistinthesensethatitundertakesthestudyoflaw asitisandsociological, becauseitexpectsthatlaw shouldfunctiontomeettheendsofsociety.Thusinhis view,realistschoolismerelyabranchofsociologicaljurisprudenceandamethodof scientificandrationalapproachtolaw. LegalRealism andLegalPositivism: Despitetheirseriousdifferences,Legalrealism andlegalpositivism shareone importantbelief.Itisthattheirviewsaresimilaronthepointofdifferencebetween‘the lawasitis’and‘thelawasitoughttobe’.Thepositivist,accordingtoHart,looktothe establishedprimaryrulesandtosecondaryrulesofrecognitionthatdesignatelaw making bodies.American realists are skepticalaboutthe degree to which rules representthelaw.Theyseektoinvestigatehow courtsactuallyreachtheirdecisions. KarlLlewellynobservedthattherealists’separationof‘is’and‘ought’,isatemporary divorce.Thedivorcelastswhilethescholarsarediscoveringwhatcourtsactuallydo. Q.No. 4 .DiscusstheNaturalLawTheory OR ExplainLawasaDictateofReason

Introduction: Thenaturallawphilosophyoccupiesanimportantplaceintherealm ofpolitics,

andHume.NaturalLawhasdifferentnames.Someofthesenamesarelawofreason, eternallaw,rationallaw,andprinciplesofnaturaljustice.Naturallaw isdefinedby Salmondas“theprinciplesofnaturaljusticeifweusetheterm justiceinitswidest sensetoincludeallformsofrightfulactions.” AccordingtoDiasandHughes“naturallaw asalaw whichderivesitsvalidity from itsowninherentvalues,differentiatedbyitslivingandorganicproperties,from the lawpromulgatedinadvancebythestateoritsagencies. AccordingtoStoics,itisDivineLaw(jusdivinum),thecommandofGodimposed uponman.Theirphilosophywasthatmanshouldliveaccordingtonatureandthatsince thedistinctivefeatureofman’snaturewashisendowmentwithreason. AccordingtoCicero,naturallaw istheLaw ofReason,bywhichtheworldis governedandwhichisaddressedtoandperceivedbytherationalnatureofman. AccordingtoAristotle,naturallawisthe“unwrittenlaw”.(jusnoscriptum) TheImportanceofNaturalLaw: Naturallawistheresultofthedesireofwiseandjustmentoseekidealjustice. Outofnaturallawhaveevolvedprinciplesoflawandlegalsystemswhicharecommon throughouttheworldfrom apracticalstandpoint,naturallaw mightseem tooffer advantages.First,asanantidotetolegalrigidity,itcouldprovideflexibility,allowing rulesoflawtobechangedfrom whattheyaretowhattheyoughttobe,ontheground thatthelaw alwaysiswhatitoughttobe.Secondly,thenaturallawyers’terminology, naturallawisclaimed,wouldweakentheauthorityofunjustandimmorallaws. Naturallawhasinfluencedthechurch;naturallawhasimbibeditsprinciplesofpositive law,rootingofffrom positivelaw whatmaynotbeconsonantwithnaturaljustice; naturallawhasbeenandisaverypotentsourceoninternationallawandcontributesto itsdevelopment.Inconclusionwemayassertthatnaturallaw occupiesanimportant andessentialpartinvalues. MainCharacteristicsofNaturalLaw: Thephrase‘naturallaw’hasaflexiblemeaning.Ithasbeeninterpretedtomean differentthingsincourseofitsevolutionaryhistory.However,ithasgenerallybeen consideredasanidealsourceoflawwithinvariantcontents.Thechiefcharacteristics featuresofnaturallawmaybebrieflystatedasfollows:- 1 .Itis basicallya priorimethod differentfrom empiricalmethod,the former acceptsthingsorconclusionsinrelationtoasubjectastheyarewithoutany needorenquiryorobservationwhileempiricaloraposterioriapproachtriesto

findoutthecauseandreasonsinrelationtothesubject-matter. 2 .Itsymbolizesphysicallawofnaturebasedonmoralidealswhichhasuniversal applicabilityatallplacesandtimes. 3 .Ithasbeenoftenusedeithertodefendachangeortomaintainstatusquo accordingtoneedsandrequirementofthetime. 4 .Theconceptof‘ruleoflaw’inEnglandandIndiaand‘dueprocesses’inUSAare essentiallybasedonnaturallawphilosophy. Q.No. 5 .Criticallyexaminesthestatement“Lawasacommandofthesovereign? OR Discusstheessentialcharacteristicsofthe‘AnalyticalSchool’?

Synopsis: Introduction Austinisconsideredtobethe‘fatherofEnglishJurisprudence’.Heconfinedhis studyonlytothepositivelawandappliedanalyticalmethodforthispurpose.ByPositive Law,Austinmeant‘LawsProperlySoCalled”asdistinguishedfrom moralsandother lawswhichhedescribedas‘LawsImproperlySoCalled’whichlackforceorsanctionof theState.Austindescribedpositivelaw as‘theaggregateofrulessetbymanas politicallysuperiortomenaspoliticallyinferiorsubjects.Heattributes( 1 )Command,( 2 ) Sanction,( 3 )Duty,and( 4 )Sovereigntyasthefouressentialattributesofpositivelaw.

ItwasAustinwhoforthefirsttimetreatedjurisprudenceasascienceoflaw concerned with analysis of legalconcepts- their exposition,examination and comparisoninascientificmannerinordertodeterminetheirscopeandextentina given politicallyorganised society.themajorthrustin Austinian positivelaw was therefore,onseparationoflawfrom morals.

“LawasaCommandofSovereignImperativeLaw”

Austin’s positive law has three characteristic features:( 1 )Itis a type of Command( 2 )itislaiddownbyaPoliticalSovereignand,( 3 )EnforceablebyaSanction. Atypicalexampleis‘theRoadTrafficLaw,whichcouldbedescribedasacommandlaid

commandswouldhavelittlehopeofcontinuingtorule.Law standsinneedof sanctions.Law tothepositivistissomethingforthecitizentoobey,notashe pleasesbutwhetherhelikesitornot,andthisitcannotbewithoutsomemethod ofcoercion.Sanctionsthenarealogicalpartoftheconceptoflaw;theyconsist ofthepenaltiesinflictedontheordersofthesovereignfortheviolationofthe law-inotherwordsofinstitutionalizedpunishments.

SummaryofAustinTheory:Tosum up,Austin’sapproachemphasizesthefollowing:

1 .Alegalsystem istobetakesasitis(positivelaw)anditistoberesolvedintoits fundamentalconceptions; 2 .Analysisofanylegalsystem istobedoneonthebasisoflogicnotonthebasis ofethicalorhistoricalelement; 3 .Lawsaretheproductofastateandalllawsarethus,thecommandsofa sovereign; 4 .Positivelaw andideallaw mustbekeptdistinct.Law cannotbedefinedby referencetoanyidealorjustice.Thescienceofjurisprudenceisconcernedwith thepositivelawswithoutregardtotheirgoodnessorbadness; 5 .Internationallaw,accordingtoAustinisnotatruelaw asthereisnosanction behindbythesovereign,and 6 .Therearesomecommonprinciplesoflawavailableinmaturelegalsystemsof theworld.Thoseprinciplesaretobetakenintoconsiderationforanalyzinglaw.

Criticism againstAustin’sImperativeTheoryofLaw:

Austin’stheoryhasbeencriticizedonthefollowinggrounds: 1 .Austin’s view that‘law is the command ofsovereign is notsupported by historicalevolutionoflaw whencustomsplayedasignificantroleinregulating humanconduct.Further,customsstillcontinuetobeapotentsourceoflaweven afterthecomingintoexistenceoftheState.

2 .Austin’stheorydoesnottakenoticeoflawswhichareofapermissivecharacter andconferprivileges.

3 .Judge-madelaw hasnoplaceinAustinianconceptionoflaw althoughthe creativefunctionofjudiciaryasalaw-makingagencyhasbeenacceptedin moderntimesallovertheworld.

4 .Austindoesnottreatinternationallawas‘law’becauseitlackssanction.Instead, heregardsinternationallaw asmerepositivemorality.Thisview ofAustinif hardlytenableinthepresenttimeinview oftheincreasingroleofinternational lawinachievingworldpeace.

5 .TheSwedishjuristOliverconahasdenouncedAustin’stheoryoflawbecauseof itsover-emphasison‘command’asaninevitableconstituentoflaw.Inmodern progressivedemocracieslawisnothingbutanexpressionofthegeneralwillof thepeople.Therefore,commandaspectoflaw haslostitssignificanceinthe presentdemocraticset-upwherepeople’swelfareistheultimategoalofthe state.

6 .PerhapsthegreatestshortcomingoftheAustin’stheoryisthatitcompletely ignorestherelationshipbetweenlawandmorality.Lawcanneverbecompletely divorcedfrom ethicsormoralitywhichprovidestrengthtoit.Thelegalconcepts suchas‘right’,‘wrong’,‘duty’,‘obligation’etc.themselvessuggestthatthereis someethicalormoralelementpresentinthem.

7 .Austin’sviewthatitissanctionalonewhichinducesapersontoobeylaw,isnot correct.Therearemanyotherconsiderationssuchasfear,deterrence,sympathy, reasonetc.whichmayinduceapersontoobeylaw.Thepowerofthestateis onlythelastforcetosecureobedienceoflaw.

8 .Whilebringingoutdistinctionbetweenpositivelawandpositivemorality.Austin opinedthattheformerwassetbyapoliticalsuperiorcalledthesovereign.Butit wascriticizedthatthesovereigncouldwellbeboundbyadutytowardshis subjects.

aspectoflaw,Roscoepoundstatedthatthefunctionoflaw istoreconcilethe conflicting interestofindividuals in the communityand harmonise theirinter- relations.Hetermedthisas“socialEngineering”. 2 .Pound’sTheoryofSocialEngineering- Roscoepoundconceivedlawasa‘socialEngineering’itsmaintaskbeingto acceleratestheprocessofsocialorderingbymakingallpossibleeffortstoavoid conflicts ofinterestofindividuals in the society .Thus courts,legislators, administratorsandjuristsmustworkwithaplanandmakeanefforttomaintaina balance between the competing interests in society.He enumerates various interestswhichthelawshouldseektoprotectandclassifiedthem intothreebroad categories,namely- I.PrivateInterests/IndividualInterest-Individualinterests,accordingtopoundare claims,ordemandsordesires,involvedinandlookedatfrom thestandpointofthe individuallifeimmediatelyassuchassertedintitleoftheindividuallife’. II.Publicinterests:Publicinterestsaccordingtohim aretheclaimsordemandsor desiresassertedbyindividualsinvolvedinorlookedatfrom thestandpointof politicallife-lifeinpoliticallyorganisedsociety.Theyareassertedintitleofthat organisation.Itisconvenienttotreatthem asclaimsofpoliticallyorganised societythoughtofasalegalentity. iv. Socialinterests:Topoundssocialinterestareclaimsordemandsordesires, evensomeoftheforegoinginotheraspects,thoughtofintermsofsociallife and generalised as claims ofthe socialgroup.They are the claims functioningofsociety;thewiderdemandsordesiresascertainedinthetitleof sociallifeincivilisedsociety. 3 .JuralPostulatesofRoscoePound In orderto evaluate the conflicting interests in due orderofpriority,pound suggestedthateverysocietyhascertainbasicassumptionuponwhichitsorderingrests, throughformostofthetimetheymaybeimplicitratherthanexpresslyformulated.This assumptionmaybecalledasjuralpostulatesofthelegalsystem ofthatsociety.Poundhas mentionedfivejuralpostulatesasfollows- A.JuralpostulateI-incivilisedsocietymenmustbeabletoassumethatotherswill commitnointentionalaggressionuponthem.

B.JuralpostulateII-incivilisedsocietymenmustbeabletoassumethattheymay controlforbeneficialpurposeswhattheyhavediscoveredandappropriatedtotheir ownuse,whattheyhavecreatedbytheirownlabourandwhattheyhavecreatedby theirown labourand whattheyhave acquired underthe existing socialand economicorder. C.Juralpostulate–III–Inacivilisedsocietymenmustbeabletoassumethatthose withwhom theydealasamemberofthesocietywillactingoodfaith D.Juralpostulateiv-Incivilisedsocietymenmustbeabletoassumethatthosewho engage in some course ofconductwillactwith due care notto castan unreasonableriskofinjuryuponothers. E.JuralpostulateV-Inacivilisedsocietymenmustbeabletoassumethatothers whomaintainthingsoremployagencies,harmlessinthesphereoftheirusebut harmfulintheirnormalactionelsewhere,andhavinganaturaltendencytocross theboundariesoftheirproperusewillrestrainthem andkeepthem withintheir properbounds.

Q.No. 7 .DiscussHart’sTheoryofLawasaRuleofRecognition. OR NarrateLawasaSystem ofRules.

HerbertLionelAdolphusHartwasborn in 1 907 .Hepracticed atthe ChanceryBarand,thereafter,workedasaProfessorofJurisprudenceinOxford during1 952 - 68 .ThenhejoinedasPrincipalofBransnoseCollege,Oxford.He rejectedAustin’stheoryofanalyticalpositivism andexpoundedhislegaltheory basedontherelationshipbetweenlawandsociety.

Hart’sConceptionofLaw

AccordingtoHart,law isasystem oftwotypesofrulestheunionofwhich provideskeytothescienceofjurisprudence.Theserules,hecalledas‘primary’and ‘secondary’rules.Rejecting Austin’s view thatlaw is a command.H.L.A.Hart emphasizedthatprimaryrulesareduty-imposingwhilesecondaryrulesconferpower

( 1 )Heacceptedlaw asacommandasadvocatedbyBentham andhisdisciple Austin; ( 2 )Hebelievedthatanalysisoflegalconceptionisworthpursuingasdistinguished from meresociologicalandhistoricalinquiries. ( 3 )Thejudicialdecisionsweretobededucedfrom pre-determinedruleswithout resourcetosocialaims,objectives,policyormorality. ( 4 )Moraljudgmentscannotbedefendedbyrationalargument,evidenceorproof and ( 5 )Thelawasitisactuallylaiddownhastobekeptseparatefrom lawasitoughtto be.

FunctionsofRuleofRecognition:

1 .Toestablishatestforvalidlawinanapplicablelegalsystem. 2 .Toconfervaliditytoeverythingelseinapplicablelegalsystem. 3 .Tounifyallthelawsintheapplicablelegalsystem. AccordingtoHart,RuleofRecognitionisthefoundationofalegalsystem anditis acceptedbybothprivatepersonsandauthoritativecriteriaforidentifyingtheprimary rulesofobligation.Inmodernlegalsystem wheretherearetoomanysourcesoflawthe ruleofrecognitionbecausecomplex,soitincludesconstitutionalenactmentsand precedents.Heacceptedthatmoralityisanecessaryconditionofsocietyandthelaw hasafunctiontoensurethatmoralityofsocietydoesnotdisintegrate.Buthefurther addedthat“law’sfunctionisonlythelastlineofdefence;otherattemptstopreservethe acceptedmoralityshouldcomefrom withinthesocietyitselfe.g.,througheducation, themassmedia.

Q.NO. 8 .CriticallyexaminethetheoryofHansKelson.

HansKelsonwasanotherjuristfrom Austria,whohasthecreditofrevivingthe originalanalyticallegalthoughtinthe2 0 thcenturythroughhis‘ PureTheoryoflaw’.He

wasbornin1 88 1inPragueinAustriaandwasaProfessorofLawatViennaUniversity. HewasalsotheJudgeoftheSupremeConstitutionalCourtofAustriafortenyears during 1 920 - 1930 .Theory of Law which is considered to be Kelson’s unique contributiontolegaltheory.

Kelson’sTheoryofPureScienceofLaw:

.ThusKelson’spuretheoryoflawisatheoryofpositivelawbasedonnormative ordereliminatingallextralegalandnon-legalelementsfrom it.Hebelievedthatatheory oflawshouldbeuniform.

Kelson’stheoryofpure science oflaw which isalso known asTheoryof Interpretationwasareactionagainstviciousideologywhichwascorruptingthelegal theoryandthejurisprudenceofatotalitarianstate.Henomenclaturedhistheoryas “PureScienceofLaw”becausesciencetobecalledrational,muststandinatwo-fold relationtoitsobject.Kelsonclaimedthathispuretheorywasapplicabletoallplaces andatalltimes.Itmustbefreefrom ethics,politics,sociology,history,etc.thoughhe didnotdenythevaluesofthesebranchesofknowledge.Heonlywantedthatlaw shouldbeclearofthem.

LawasNormativeScience:

Kelsondescribedlaw asa‘normativescience’asdistinguishedfrom natural scienceswhicharebasedoncauseandeffectsuchaslawofgravitation.Thelawsof naturalsciencearecapableofbeingaccuratelydescribed,determinedanddiscoveredin theform of‘is’whichisanessentialcharacteristicofallnaturalsciences.Butthe scienceoflawisknowledgeofwhatlawoughttobe.

LikeAustin,Kelsonalsoconsiderssanctionasanessentialelementoflawbuthe prefersto callit‘norm’.Thusaccording to Kelson,‘law isaprimarynorm which stipulatestocallit‘norm’.Itiscalledpositivelaw becauseitisconsideredonlywith actualandnotwithideallaw.AccordingtoKelsonnorm (sanction)isaruleforbidding orprescribingacertainbehavior.Forhim,legalorderisthehierarchyofnormshaving sanctionandjurisprudenceisthestudyofthesenormswhichcompriselegalorder.