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Java tutorials free pdf, Study notes of Computer Science

NIIT UniversityComputer Science

Learn Java language tutorial for free

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 03/06/2023

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JAVA LANGUAGE
Introduction
Java is one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. It was developed in the mid-1990s by
James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems. Java was initially designed to be a portable, platform-
independent language that could be used to create applications for a wide range of operating systems and
devices.
Since its inception, Java has become one of the most popular programming languages in the world, and it is
widely used in a variety of applications, including web development, mobile app development, and enterprise
software development.
History of Java
Java was first released in 1995 by Sun Microsystems, which was later acquired by Oracle Corporation. The
language was developed by a team of engineers led by James Gosling. Gosling was inspired to create a new
programming language that could be used to develop software for embedded devices.
Initially, the language was called Oak, but it was later renamed to Java. The name Java was inspired by the coee
beans that were consumed in large quantities by the development team.
Java was designed to be a platform-independent language, which means that it could run on any operating
system that had a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. This made it an ideal language for developing
applications that could run on a variety of devices, including computers, smartphones, and embedded devices.
Java was also designed to be a secure language, with built-in features that made it dicult to write code that
could be exploited by hackers. This made it an ideal language for developing applications that needed to be
secure, such as financial applications and e-commerce websites.
Features of Java
Java has a number of features that make it a powerful and flexible programming language. Some of the key
features of Java include:
Platform-independent: Java is a platform-independent language, which means that it can run on any
operating system that has a JVM installed. This makes it an ideal language for developing applications that
can run on a wide range of devices.
1.
Object-oriented: Java is an object-oriented language, which means that it is designed around the concept
of objects. This makes it easy to create complex applications that can be easily maintained and updated.
2.
Garbage collection: Java has built-in garbage collection, which means that the language automatically
manages memory allocation and deallocation. This makes it easier to write code that is free from memory
leaks and other memory-related issues.
3.
Multithreading: Java has built-in support for multithreading, which means that it is easy to write code that
can run multiple threads simultaneously. This makes it easy to create applications that can take advantage
of multi-core processors and other advanced hardware.
4.
Exception handling: Java has built-in support for exception handling, which means that it is easy to write
code that can recover from errors and exceptions. This makes it easier to write robust and reliable code.
5.
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JAVA LANGUAGE

Introduction

Java is one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. It was developed in the mid-1990s by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems. Java was initially designed to be a portable, platform- independent language that could be used to create applications for a wide range of operating systems and devices. Since its inception, Java has become one of the most popular programming languages in the world, and it is widely used in a variety of applications, including web development, mobile app development, and enterprise software development.

History of Java

Java was first released in 1995 by Sun Microsystems, which was later acquired by Oracle Corporation. The language was developed by a team of engineers led by James Gosling. Gosling was inspired to create a new programming language that could be used to develop software for embedded devices. Initially, the language was called Oak, but it was later renamed to Java. The name Java was inspired by the coee beans that were consumed in large quantities by the development team. Java was designed to be a platform-independent language, which means that it could run on any operating system that had a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. This made it an ideal language for developing applications that could run on a variety of devices, including computers, smartphones, and embedded devices. Java was also designed to be a secure language, with built-in features that made it dicult to write code that could be exploited by hackers. This made it an ideal language for developing applications that needed to be secure, such as financial applications and e-commerce websites.

Features of Java

Java has a number of features that make it a powerful and flexible programming language. Some of the key features of Java include: Platform-independent: Java is a platform-independent language, which means that it can run on any operating system that has a JVM installed. This makes it an ideal language for developing applications that can run on a wide range of devices.

Object-oriented: Java is an object-oriented language, which means that it is designed around the concept of objects. This makes it easy to create complex applications that can be easily maintained and updated.

Garbage collection: Java has built-in garbage collection, which means that the language automatically manages memory allocation and deallocation. This makes it easier to write code that is free from memory leaks and other memory-related issues.

Multithreading: Java has built-in support for multithreading, which means that it is easy to write code that can run multiple threads simultaneously. This makes it easy to create applications that can take advantage of multi-core processors and other advanced hardware.

Exception handling: Java has built-in support for exception handling, which means that it is easy to write code that can recover from errors and exceptions. This makes it easier to write robust and reliable code.

Syntax of Java

Java has a syntax that is similar to other C-based languages, such as C++ and C#. However, Java has a number of unique features and syntax elements that make it a distinct language. Here is an example of a basic Java program: public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, World!"); } In this program, we define a class called HelloWorld. The class contains a main() function, which is the entry point of the program. The main() function prints the message "Hello, World!" to the console using the System.out.println() function.

Variables in Java

Variables are used to store data in a program. In Java, variables have a data type that determines the type of data that can be stored in them. There are dierent types of variables in Java, including: Here's an example of declaring and initializing variables in Java: int x = 10 ; double y = 3.14; String name = "John"; int[] nums = { 1 , 2 , 3 };

Operators in Java

Java supports dierent types of operators, including arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, and assignment operators. Here are some examples of Java operators: Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus. Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables, such as the equal sign (=), +=, -=, *=, /=, and %=. Security: Java has built-in security features, such as sandboxing and access control, that make it dicult to write code that can be exploited by hackers. This makes it an ideal language for developing applications that need to be secure.

Rich API: Java has a rich set of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that make it easy to build complex software systems. These APIs provide access to a wide range of functionality, including database access, networking, graphics, and more.

Primitive types: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, and boolean. Reference types: classes, arrays, and interfaces.

Reference data types are stored in memory as a reference to an object. When a reference variable is assigned to another reference variable, a copy of the reference is made, not a copy of the object. In addition to these built-in data types, Java also allows developers to create their own custom data types using classes and interfaces. This flexibility allows developers to create complex and powerful data structures that can be used to solve a wide range of programming problems.