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IUPUI Physiology Exam 3 Study Guide Questions and Answers 2025
- originates in the spinal cord Autonomic NS and Somatic NS
- targets skeletal muscle Somatic NS
- under unconscious control Autonomic NS
- The parasympathetic branch of the ANS... - Arises from the brainstem and lower regions of the spinal cord.
- Has long pre-ganglionic fibers.
- Which nerve has parasympathetic control of the heart?
- Which tissues are only innervated by the Sympa- thetic NS?
CN X (Vagus)
Liver and Kidney
- Why would the body have two different types of ACh Ditterent receptors for ACh al- receptors?
- Poisoning of a person with mushrooms containing
lows for ditterent actions of ACh in ditterent tissues.
stimulus of target cells in- muscarine would be expected to have what effects? nervated by post- ganglionic parasympathetic fibers
- a2 adrenergic receptor inhibition of insulin, stimulat- ing the release of glucagon, and contraction of the gas- trointestinal tract
- a1 adrenergic receptor smooth muscle contraction, causes vasoconstriction
IUPUI Physiology Exam 3 Study Guide Questions and Answers 2025
- b1 adrenergic receptors stimulation of salivary gland amylase secretion, increased kidney juxtaglomerular se- cretion of renin, lipolysis in adipose tissue, relaxation of the bladder detrusor muscle, tachycardia, increased force of heart muscle contraction, increased automaticity of the AV node
- b2 adrenergic receptor smooth muscle relaxation in uterus, decreased GI smooth muscle motility, re- laxation of bladder detrusor muscle, bronchodilation, in- creased insulin release, dila- tion of hepatic and skeletal muscle arteries, increased liv- er glycogenolysis
- b3 adrenergic receptor increased adipocyte lipolysis increased thermogenesis, re- laxation of bladder detrusor muscle
- ANS reflex Tissues can be innervated by both branches and they usu- ally have opposite ettects.
- The sensory receptors of special senses are located true within a specific area of the body.
IUPUI Physiology Exam 3 Study Guide Questions and Answers 2025
- Smooth muscle contraction regulates - flow of material through the organs
- flow of blood through the arteries and veins
- flow of air into/out of the lungs
- skeletal movement created by contracting and pulling on tendons
- supportive structures maintain placement pf viscer- al organs and shield underly- ing tissues from injury
- posture contract to hold the body still
- communication speaking, typing, writing, fa- cial expressions, and gestures
- regulation of flow contractions change the tube diameter
- generate blood pressure squeeze on the blood in a hollow organ
- Do muscles only push, only pull, or both? Only pull
- A cross-bridge forms when what occurs? - The myosin heads bind to the attachment sites on the actin myofilament
- Actin and myosin bind to form a physical link
- Steps and events at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
- an action potential prop- agates along the axon of an A-motor neuron to the presy- naptic axon terminal
- Depolarization of the axon terminal causes voltage-de- pendent calcium channels to open and Ca2+ ions flow from the extracellular fluid into the presynaptic neuron's cytosol.
- The influx of Ca2+ causes neurotransmitters containing vesicles to dock and fuse to the presynaptic neuron's cell membrane.
- Vesicle membrane fusion with the neuronal plasma membrane leads to exocyto- sis of the acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.
- Acetylcholine dittuses throughout the synaptic cleft and binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the sarcolemma of the motor end-plate.
- As acetylcholine unbinds from its receptor, it is de- graded by the enzyme acetyl- cholinesterase, causing ter- mination of the excitatory sig-
- unfused tetanus partial relaxation in face of a high frequency of muscle stimulation
- twitch activation of a single muscle fiber by a single stimulation
- What explains the generation of maximal skeletal muscle tension?
- Where does the energy come from for the first few seconds of a muscle contraction?
- Which activity would require primarily anaerobic metabolism?
- Delayed-onset muscle soreness is due to what mechanisms?
There is a maximal number of cross bridges formed.
ATP stored in cells
high intensity intermittent bouts, like jump rope
microtears to the muscle fiber and injury to the connective tissue
- The muscle group most directly involved in creating the prime mover a movement is known as.
- During which type of contraction does muscle lengthen?
eccentric
- In what situation would the skeletal muscle contract There is no load on the mus- the fastest?
- Smooth muscles are responsible for which func- tion?
cle.
regulation of blood vessel di- ameter
- contracts; relaxes
Most smooth muscles are single-unit functioning, meaning that either the whole muscle or the whole muscle.
- What muscle has contractions that are involuntary, slower, and are able to endure?
smooth muscle
- What muscle contracts that results in the muscle cell smooth muscle twisting in a spiral-like fashion?
- What muscle pulls on the tendons that are inserted skeletal muscle into the bones to create movement?
- What muscle is made of hundreds or even thou- sands of fibers that are bundled to together and wrapped by a connective tissue covering?
skeletal muscle
- What muscle has the ability to maintain contractibil- smooth muscle ity over a wide range of lengths?
- What muscle has non-striated sheets of tissue that line hollow organs?
- Which muscle has striated tissue under voluntary control of the nervous system wherein cells are lines up in sarcomeres and bundled together by connec- tive tissue?
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
- What muscle is attached to bones via tendons? skeletal muscle
- Which muscle has more cross-bridges and is there- fore able to produce more force with slower and enduring contractions?
smooth muscle
- Where do the upper motor neurons of all direct or pyramidal tracts originate?
motor cortex
- Babinski test positive if the toes fan out
- receptor cells - found in all of the sensory systems
- specialized in both structure and function to capture stim- uli
- Where are the photoreceptor cells in the eye locat- ed?
retina
- What is the pigmented part of the eye that controls iris the size of the pupil?
- Which nerve carries the information from the eye toward the brain?
optic nerve
- Which structures can detect angular acceleration of semicircular canals the head in three directions?
- What are the specialized receptor cells within the organ of Corti called?
- What do the cochlear and vestibular nerves con- verge as?
- What are the olfactory sensory neurons and mitral cells synapse in bundles called?
hair cells
cranial nerve VIII
glomeruli
- Where are taste receptor cells contained? papillae
- What is the role of the rod and cone photoreceptor cells?
- Why are the cone photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision?
- What is the convex shape of the lens of the eye essential for?
- The vibrations of sound waves are transmitted into the cochlea. What causes the swaying movement of the hair cells within the organ of Corti?
- Where are the hair cells that determine the linear acceleration of the head located?
- What can taste transduction in gustatory cells be transduced by?
- What would happen if someone is deficient in vita- min A?
capture a photon and convert that signal into an electrical signal that can be relayed to the next cells in the retina
They contain photo-pigments capable of absorbing light in the blue, red, and green ranges of the visible spec- trum.
- allowing light to be refracted and converge at a focal point on the retina
- changing the refractive power of the eye
basilar membrane
utricle and saccule
ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors
Vision would be impaired due to the inability to regener- ate enough photo-pigment because 11-cis-retinal would not be available to insert into opsin.
- (^) Where would you not find an autonomic ganglion? in the lymph nodes
- (^) Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" re- sympathetic nervous system sponse is the role of the.
- What is the "resting and digesting" division of the parasympathetic division ANS?
- (^) Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived X from cranial nerve number.
- Where would you not find a cholinergic nicotinic all parasympathetic target or- receptor? gans
- (^) Norepinephrine (NE) - parts of the body that pro- duce NE are said to be nora- drenergic
- sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons secrete NE - NE is both a neurotransmit- ter and a hormone
- ACh - constricts bronchi
- stimulates peristalsis - slows heart rate
- (^) results of parasympathetic stimulation - salivations
- increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera - elimination of urine
- oculomotor
The parasympathetic fibers of the nerves in- nervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision.
- The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supple- sympathetic stimulation ment the effects of.
- ANS - It has cell bodies in both the brainstem and the spinal cord from S2 to S4.
- All fibers are cholinergic. - All pre-ganglionic fibers re- lease ACh.
- Which neurotransmitter will result in acceleration of epinephrine the heart rate?
- Parasympathetic functions include. lens accommodation for close vision
- Which adrenergic neurotransmitter receptor plays the major role in heart activity?
beta 1
- What type of muscle has striations? skeletal muscle
- What type of muscle is alpha-motor neurons? skeletal muscle
- What type of muscle is blood vessels? smooth muscle
- What type of muscle are transverse tubules (T-tubes)?
skeletal muscle
- What type of muscle is caveolae? smooth muscle
maintains posture, regulates temperature, creates bodily movement
- association An attachment forms be- tween actin and the myosin head.
- power stroke After myosin and actin form a cross-bridge¸Pi disassociates while the myosin head ro- tates.
- disassociate Another ATP attaches to myosin and the myosin and actin association weakens and they detach from each other.
- reactivate The myosin head is energized (reactivated) when ATP is hy- drolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate.
- What is the sequence of events that converts action excitation-contraction cou- potentials in a muscle fiber to a contraction?
- What activates the disassociation of the myosin cross-bridge?
pling
the attachment of ATP to the myosin heads
- Contractility ability of muscle to generate tension
- Excitablility
ability of muscle to respond to activation by alpha motor neurons
- extensibility ability of muscle to stretch to normal resting length after contraction
- elasticity ability of muscle to return to its original resting length af- ter a passive stretch
- plasticity ability of muscle to assume a new greater length after a passive stretch
- Muscle force is greater when. more motor units are involved in a contraction and/or more calcium ions enter the cytosol
- When a person dies and rigor mortis occurs, the sustained presence of which molecule causes the maintenance of a constant muscle contraction?
Ca2+
- isotonic concentric muscle contration Z-disks move closer together
- Anaerobic metabolism is the primary source of en- ergy when?
sprinting
What causes muscle soreness? microtrauma to the sarcom- ere and activation of pain re- ceptors
y-motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers
hypotonia decreased muscle tone or tension
dyskinesia atypical, unconscious muscle movements
hypertonia increased muscle tone or ten- sion
spasticity hyper-contraction of muscles leading to muscle tightness
akinesia atypical, unconscious pos- tures
paralysis inability to move
atrophy muscle degeneration
What motor cortex area layer V contains pyramidal neurons?
primary motor cortex
- What motor cortex area contains smaller and fewer premotor cortex pyramidal neurons?
- What motor cortex area stores motor memory? premotor cortex
- What motor cortex area controls complex or se- quential muscle movements?
- What motor cortex area helps to ensure that the muscle movement behavior is appropriate?
supplementary motor area
association cortex
- (^) What motor cortex area allows input from the so- matosensory cortex?
association cortex
- (^) Is atrophy an upper or lower motor neuron condi- tion?
lower
- (^) Is flaccid paralysis an upper or lower motor neuron condition?
lower
- Is hypotonia an upper or lower motor neuron con- dition?
lower
- (^) Is positive Babinski sign an upper or lower motor neuron condition?
upper
- Is hypertonia an upper or lower motor neuron con- dition?
upper
- (^) Is spastic paralysis an upper or lower motor neuron condition?
upper
- (^) Where do lower motor neurons originate? ventral horn of spinal cord
- (^) What does not send information to the brainstem about movements?
hippocampus
- (^) True or False: Lower motor neurons are arranged somatotopically in the spinal cord with the anteri- or/medial areas of the horns innervating axial mus- cles and the lateral areas of the horns innervating appendicular muscles.
true
- true
