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IUPUI Anatomy Exam 4 Q u e s t i o n s a n d A n s w e r s 2 0 2 5 G u i d e
- CNS brain and spinal cord, no nerves
- Some Say Money Mat- ters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
sensory, sensory, motor, motor, both, motor, both, sensory, both, both, motor, motor
- PNS nerves and ganglia
- afferent (sensory) PNS Sensory, going to CNS
- sensory ascending, atterent, dorsal
- efferent (motor)PNC impulses are carried away from the CNS through the PNS, to the ettectors
- motor descending, etterent, ventral
- efferent (motor) are tracts ending in -spinal etterent (motor) or atterent (sensory)?
- astrocytes, oligoden- drocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
What types of neuroglia are in the CNS?
- Epithalamus Connect to the limbic. system contains the pineal gland, controls circadian rhythm
- suprachiasmatic nu- cleus (SCN)
area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located
- Epineurium surrounds the entire nerve
- afferent (sensory) Are tracts beginning with spinal- etterent (motor) or atterent (sensory)
- perineurium surrounds each fascicle
IUPUI Anatomy Exam 4 Q u e s t i o n s a n d A n s w e r s 2 0 2 5 G u i d e
- yes, through the nose can you get things past the blood-brain barrier? if yes then how
- Endoneurium surrounds each axon (fiber)
- motor the precentral gyrus is ventral, so what is its' pathway
- sensory the postcentral gyrus is dorsal, so what is its' pathway
- autonomic nervous system
- somatic nervous sys- tem
provides automatic control, regulating of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glandular activity
provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contraction
- faster the more myelin wrapping around a neuron makes it faster or slower?
- neuroglia nerve glue, supporting cells of the nervous sytem, phagocytes
- taste gustation=
- terminal bouton the area where one neuron synapses on another
- gray matter is unmyelinated
- white matter in myelinated
- nerves bundles of axons in the PNS
- ganglia clusters of cell bodies in the PNS
- dendrites Receivers on a neuron
- subarachnoid space, ventricles of the brain and central canal
CSF lives in? 3 of them
IUPUI Anatomy Exam 4 Q u e s t i o n s a n d A n s w e r s 2 0 2 5 G u i d e
- motor neurons exit the spinal cord ventrally
- proprioceptors monitor body position. Maintain posture and balance
- CNS responsible for processing and integrating sensory info, planning and coordinating responses to stimuli- short term
- Interoceptors monitor internal systems send to CNS
- myelin fat wrapping, that gives white matter its whiteness
- excitability What is the ability to generate a signal
- nucleus CNS center with discrete boundaries
- PNS Nerves, anything outside of CNS
- ANS Branch of nervous system controlling automatic functions
- intervetebral foramen spinal never enter or exit here
- tract Bundle of nerve inside the CNS
- column group of tracts
- L1-L2 Spinal cord ends between
- filum terminale filament that holds the spinal cord in place
- conus medullaris End of spinal cord
- Sulcus Shallow fissure an indent
- cauda equina The nerves that come out from the end of the spinal cord. Horse tail
- pia mater
IUPUI Anatomy Exam 4 Q u e s t i o n s a n d A n s w e r s 2 0 2 5 G u i d e contains denticulate ligaments and filum terminale, inner layer, and cauda equina
- dura tough, fibrous layer that covers the spinal cord, contains epidural space
- arachnoid Spider like meninge middle
- deep in spinal cord, gray matter is to white
- superficial in brain, gray matter is to white
- somatic anterior gray horns provide motor control
- visceral lateral horns consist of motor neurons
- somatic and visceral posterior gray horns consist of and nuclei
- musculocutaneous nerve
most lateral brachial nerve
- ulnar nerve most medial brachial nerve
- sciatic nerve Innervates all lower limb except anterior and medial thigh
- reflex immediate involuntary response to a specific stimulus
- ANS Automatic functions (heart rate breathing etc)
- Aquired reflexes learned reflex is called
- motor precentral gyrus=
- innate reflexes basic neural reflexes formed before birth
- Cerebrum Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
IUPUI Anatomy Exam 4 Q u e s t i o n s a n d A n s w e r s 2 0 2 5 G u i d e
- auditory inferior colliculi is involved in reflexes
- mamillary bodies control feeding reflexes (licking, swallowing, etc.)
- (^) substantia nigra high melanin production from dopamine neurons. Motor control and movement. Parkinson's disease. Major role.
- (^) pons helps to regulate respiration, houses cranial nerves V,VI,VII,VIII
- medulla oblongata relay station, controls blood pressure, breathing and heart rate, cardiac and respiratory centers
- (^) Wernick area Speech processing and understanding
- (^) Brocha's area speech production
- prefrontal cortex Thoughts and decisions
- chronic vegetative state
conscious but unresponsive, no evidence of cortical function
- (^) somnolence drowsiness, but will respond normally to cortical function
- (^) dementia a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, think- ing, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes
- delirium restlessness, confusion, aggitation, alternating with other conscious states
- (^) stupor unconsciousness, can be aroused by extreme or repeated stimuli
- (^) coma unconscious state cant be aroused and doesnt respond to stimuli
- short in sympathetic, the pregang fibers are
- long in parasympathetic the pregang fibers are
IUPUI Anatomy Exam 4 Q u e s t i o n s a n d A n s w e r s 2 0 2 5 G u i d e
- long in sympathetic the postgang fibers are
- short in parasympathetic the postgang fibers are
- Ach parasympathetic pregang and postgang release what neurotransmitter
- Ach, and NE (norepi- nephrine)
sympathetic pregang releases and postgang releases
- sympathetic constriction of blood vessels, energy storage, dilation of pupils, accelera- tion of heart rate, dilation of respiratory passageways
- parasympathetic constriction of pupils, secretion of hormones, contraction of bladder, sex- ual arousal, reduction of heart rate
- general senses temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception
- special senses smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium (special areas)
- receptive field area that receptors monitor
- tonic receptors always active, slow response (rubber band memory)
- phasic receptors Fast adapting
- touch tactile
- nociceptors pain receptors
- Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature, more cold than hot
- Mechanoreceptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch, proprioception
- Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals, acidity taste buds olefactory
- Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure near the heart
- (^) trochlea, motor supe- rior oblique
cranial nerve IV,
- (^) trigeminal, both facial cranial nerve V, sensation, muscle of mastication
- (^) abducens, motor lat- Cranial Nerve VI. eral rectus
- facial, both facial ex- cranial nerve VII, pression, anterior 2/ of tongue
- (^) Vestibulocochlear cranial nerve VIII, hearing balance sensory
- (^) glossopharyngeal, cranial nerve IX, both posterior 1/3 of tongue for taste swallowing
- vagus, both parasym- Cranial Nerve X, pathetic pain in tho- racic. Taste in epiglot- tis
- accessor motor moves cranial nerve XI, muscles of head and neck. Swallowing
- Cranial Nerve XII,
- The^ autonomic^ division^ of^ the^ nervous^ system^ directs
hypoglossal, motor tongue movement
- jugular foramen cranial nerves IX,X,XI go through what?
- hypoglossal which cranial nerve goes through the hypoglossal canal
- VII, VIII which cranial nerves go through the internal acoustic meatus
- III, IV, V-1, VI which cranial nerves go through the superior orbital fissure
- optic canal of sphe- noid bone
the optic nerves goes through what
- olfactory which nerve goes through olfactory foramina, ethmoid, and cribriform
- foramina rotundum what does cranial nerve V-2 go through
- foramina ovale what does cranial nerve V-3 go through
- temporal, zygomat- ic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
what are the 5 facial branches
- ventral root regarding spinal nerves, which structure contains motor fibers that origi- nate in the spinal cord
- corpora quadrigemi- na
- centers in the pons and the medulla ob- longata
which structure acts in the classic startle response
Respiratory activities are controlled by:
Spinal cord connects to the brain there and relays sensory info and regulates auto- nomic functions.
- CSF functions Cushions delicate neural structures Supports brain Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products
- Neurodiverse Not normal or abnormal
- neurotypical not displaying or characterized by autistic or other neurologically atypical patterns of thought or behavior
- gyri and sulci the ridges and grooves of the cerebral cortex
- rubrospinal tract func- movement of contralateral limbs tion
- corticospinal tract motor
- Sensory Leg, hip, trunk, arm
- nervous system Impulse/ actions. Short lived
- Endocrine Can last a lifetime
- SNS (somatic nervous system)
controls skeletal muscle contractions may be voluntary and involuntary
- neuronets Go away as you get older. Loss of memory
- Neuroplasticity the brain's ability to change
- (^) sensory neurons (af- ferent)
Most sensory neurons are pseudounipolar neurons
- (^) Motor neurons Most are multipolar neurons
- (^) Interneurons Most are multipolar neurons
- (^) damage to neurons This can occur due to the body trying to regulate the reward system leading to a natural hypo-functioning circuitry reward system where de- pendence on external sunstances play a part in addictive diseases
- (^) Sub arachnoid space filled with cerebral spinal fluid
What is the space between the pi's and the arachnoid?
- Epidural space What is between the dura and the wall of the vertical canal?
- (^) denticulate ligaments extensions of pia mater that secure cord to dura mater
- (^) ventral and dorsal roots
Come together to form spinal nerves
- (^) lateral horn of gray matter
Present T1-L
- (^) Spinal grey com- misure
Connect right to left side
- (^) anterior spinothalam- ic tract
Crude and deep touch. Itch and tickle
- lateral spinothalamic tract
Pain and temp from the body to the brain
- dorsal root ganglion Purely sensory found along the cord
- spinal tap (lumbar puncture)
Goes through the fibrous tissue between the spinous process of the back.
- Dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
- Posterior median sul- cus
Dorsal white column or finculous or fasciculus
- Sensory nuclei somatic and visceral
- motor nuclei Visceral and somatic
- rami communicantes of the sympathetic nervous system
- white ramus commu- nicans
- Musculocutsneous nerve
autonomic nerve fibers that attach to ventral rami. Contains preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system
The short connection between a spinal nerve and a sympathetic chain ganglion through which the preganglionic axons pass
Most lateral of the brachial plexus. Flexor muscles on the arm.
- sciatic nerve Found in P go go Q. Exits from the inferior board of the piriformis muscle, the most superior lateral hip rotator.
- monosynaptic reflex sensory neuron synapses directly onto motor neuron
- polysynaptic reflex A reflex invovling one or several interneurons. Takes longer in time and distance to occur.
- Median nerves Nerves that control the anterior portion of the forearm and the hand.
- ulnar nerve Medial nerve of the brachial plexus. Flexor carpi ulnar is muscle
- radial nerve Many extensor muscles on the arm and forearm triceps brachii, coney's, extensor carpi radialis
- Brocha's aphasia Can't produce speech
- Werniche's apashia Can't understand speech. Hard to understand
- parietal lobe General senses
- temporal lobe func- tion
Hearing, gestation taste and hearing
- occipital lobe function vision
- Collicular response is about
adapt, migrate, or die. SURVIVAL
- monosynaptic -single synapse between sensory neuron that received and motor neuron responds -e.g. knee jerk
- polysynaptic reflex A reflex invovling one or several interneurons.
- CSF cerebrospinal fluid
- Circle of Willis (cere- bral arterial circle)
- cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis)
-Anterior/Posterior communicating -Anterior/Posterior cerebral -Middle cerebral Allows blood from internal carotid and vertebral arteries to supply smaller cerebral arteries.
an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland
Where will you be if you poke through the thalmus
- grey matter of spinal cord
Center for pain processing
- tectum of midbrain Where you'll find the superior interculliculi for visual and auditory reflex
- grey matter in brain Respiratory centers other nuclei Modify output of respiratory centers in the medulla obligate. Nuclei asso- ciated with four cranial nerves and cerebellum
- consciousness Delirium,dementia, confusion, normal consciousness, somnolence, chronic vegetative state
- Unconscious states Asleep, stupor, coma
- Optic Nerve (II) sensory, vision
- Oculomotor Nerve (III) motor, eye movement
- Trochlear Nerve (IV) Smallest cranial nerve. Vision
- trigeminal nerve The largest cranial nerve, are mixed nerves with ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches
- Abducens (VI) lateral eye movement
- facial nerves (cranial nerve VII)
- vestibulocochlear nerve
Mixed nerves controlling muscles of the scalp and face
Which monitor sensations of balance, position and movement and the cochlear nerves which monitor hearing receptors.
- glossopharyngeal nerve
Mixed nerves that inner ate the tongue and pharynx and control the action of swallowing
- Vagus (X) Mixed nerves that are costal to the autonomic control of visceral function and have a variety of motor components.
- Accessory Nerve (XI) swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movements
- hypoglossal nerve Voluntary motor control over tongue movements.
- NE (norepinephrine) What neurotransmitter is released by the post ganglionic sympathetic neuron
- Reverberation Persistent firing of neurons
- ACH What neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic
- afferent neurons (sen- sory neurons)
What carries the signal from the receptor to the spinal cord parasympa- thetic
- What is dual inervation
