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DC Circuits

Basic definitions

Q. Distinguish between active circuit and passive circuit. (1.5) Q. What is the dierence between dependent sources and independent sources? (1.5) Q. Dierentiate dependent and independent sources with suitable examples. (1.5) Q. Distinguish between unilateral and bilateral networks. (1.5) Q. Distinguish between active and passive components. (1.5) Q. Dierentiate between active and passive components. (1.5) Q. Dierentiate dependent and independent sources. (1.5) Q. Dierentiate unilateral and bilateral circuits. (2) Q. Distinguish between loop and mesh in an electrical network with suitable circuit. (1.5) Q. What do you mean by linear bilateral circuit? (1.5)

Electrical circuit elements (R, L, and C)

Q. Define duality. What is the dual of capacitance and resistance?

Voltage and current sources

Q. Convert 4A source with its parallel resistance of 15 ohms into its equivalent voltage. (1.5)

Ohm’s law and its limitations

Q. State limitations of ohm’s law? (2) Q. Enumerate various limitations of ohms law. (1.5)

Mesh analysis and node analysis

Q. Explain the dierence between Nodal analysis and mesh analysis to solve a given network? (5)

Superposition Theorem

Q. State the superposition theorem. (1.5)

Thevenin’s Theorem

Q. Explain the duality between Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent circuits. (1.5)

Norton’s Theorem

Q. Explain the duality between Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent circuits. (1.5)

Q. Write the statement of Norton’s Theorem and discuss it with the help of an example. (7)

Maximum Power Transfer Theorems

Q. State the maximum power transfer theorem. Derive the formula of maximum power for DC circuits. (7.5) Q. State the maximum power transfer theorem. Show that the condition for maximum power transfer RL = RTH. Explain its importance. (7) Q. State and explain maximum power transfer theorem. (7, 5) Q. State maximum power transfer theorem. (1.5) Q. Why is the value of load resistance for which maximum power transfer takes place is little greater than that of source resistance? (1.5) Q. What is the utility of the maximum power transfer theorem? (1.5)

AC Circuits

Q. What is sinusoidal Pulse width modulation? (1.5) Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) is a technique used to control electrical power in devices like inverters and motors. It adjusts the width of pulses in a way that mimics a sine wave, providing a smoother and more ecient output. This helps in reducing distortion and is commonly used in applications that require a clean sine wave. Q. What is the significance of the ‘j’ operator? (2) In AC circuits, the 'j' operator represents the imaginary unit. Its significance lies in two key points: Complex Number Representation: 'j' is used to express AC voltages and currents as complex numbers, simplifying calculations in electrical analysis. Phasor Analysis: The 'j' operator facilitates phasor representation, helping to analyze the magnitude and phase relationships of AC signals without dealing with complex time-dependent functions. Q. A 60 Hz voltage of 230 V eective value is impressed on an inductance of 0.265 H. Write the time equation for the voltage and the resulting current. (2)

Representation of sinusoidal waveforms

Q. What do you mean by phase and phase dierence? Phase: Phase refers to the position of a point on a sinusoidal waveform at a specific instant in time, usually measured in degrees or radians. It describes the timing or location within one cycle of the waveform. Phase Dierence: Phase dierence is the angular displacement or shift between two sinusoidal waveforms, indicating how much one waveform is ahead or behind the other in

Q. Find the average value, rms value, form factor and peak factor in case of half wave rectifier. (4) Q. Determine rms value, average value, form factor and peak factor for full wave rectified sinusoidal voltage. (10)

Q. Find the Form Factor and Peak Factor of the sinusoidal alternating current. (1.5) Q. What is 1. Form factor 2. Peak factor. (2) Q. What is the significance of the r.m.s and average values of a wave? Determine the r.m.s and average value of the waveform shown in figure. (7)

Phasor representation

Real power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor

Q. Define power factor. (1.5) Power Factor: ● Power factor is the ratio of real power (active power) to apparent power in an electrical system. ● It is a measure of how effectively electrical power is being converted into useful work output and is expressed as the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current waveforms in an AC circuit. Q. Define reactive power. (1.5) Reactive Power: ● Reactive power is the portion of apparent power that does not perform any useful work in an electrical system. ● It is associated with the reactive components of the load, such as inductors and capacitors, and is measured in units of volt-amperes reactive (VAR). Reactive power is essential for maintaining voltage levels but does not contribute to actual energy consumption. Q. What are the active and reactive powers? Draw the power triangle. (1.5) Active Power: ● Active power (P) is the real power that is consumed by a load and performs useful work in an electrical system. ● It is measured in watts (W) and represents the actual energy transferred to the load.

Reactive Power: ● Reactive power (Q) is the power that oscillates between the source and the load without being consumed. It is associated with the reactive elements in the circuit, such as inductors and capacitors. ● Reactive power is measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR) and does not contribute to actual work output. Power Triangle: ● The power triangle is a graphical representation of the relationships between active power (P), reactive power (Q), and apparent power (S) in an AC circuit. ● It forms a right-angled triangle, where the apparent power (S) is the hypotenuse, active power (P) is the horizontal leg, and reactive power (Q) is the vertical leg. Q. What is the significance of the power factor in an AC system? (1.5) Efficient Energy Use: ● A high power factor indicates efficient utilization of electrical power, ensuring that a significant portion of the supplied energy is effectively converted into useful work. Cost Savings: ● Maintaining a good power factor helps reduce energy costs by minimizing wasted power and avoiding penalties imposed by utilities for low power factor consumption.

Q. Derive the response of the R-L-C series circuit with sinusoidal input. Also derive the condition for resonance for the same. (6) Q. A coil of P.F. 0.8 is in series with a 100 microfarad capacitor. When connected to a 50 Hz supply the voltage across the capacitor is equal to the voltage across the coil. Find the resistance and inductance of the coil? (5) Q. Two impedances consist of (resistance of 15 ohms and series-connected inductance of 0.04 H) and (resistance of 10 ohms, inductance of 0.1 H and a capacitance of 100 microfarad, all in series) are connected in series and are connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz a.c. source. Find: (i) Current drawn, (ii) Voltage across each impedance, (iii) Individual and total power factor. Draw the phasor diagram.

Resonance

Q. Derive the expression of resonance frequency and impedance in case of parallel R-L-C circuit. (8) Q. Define the quality factor of a coil? (2) Q. What are the features of resonance in parallel circuits? (2) Q. A parallel circuit consists of a coil having 15 ohm resistance and 300 mH inductance in parallel with a capacitor of capacitance 4 microfarad. Determine (1) the resonant frequency (2) Dynamic impedance of the circuit (3) Q-factor of the circuit at resonance. Q. Define quality factor in the resonant circuit. (1.5) Q. Define resonance in parallel RLC circuit. Also, give graphical representation of parallel RLC circuits in detail. (7) Q. Define dynamic impedance. Also write its unit. (1.5) Q. Draw resonance curve. Also, define selectivity and Quality factor. (5) Q. Define the terms: Q-factor and Bandwidth. (1.5)