The Impact of Pests on Agriculture: A Historical Perspective from Silent Spring to IPM, Slides of Pest Management

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IPM Evolution Continued

Reading Assignment

Norris et al. Chapter 2. Pests and Their Impacts. Pp. 15 - 45

Silent Spring Coincided with Other

Events

• 1962 – John Glen’s first orbital flight.
• 1962 – Thalidomide taken off market (problem identified 11/61, public outrage throughout 1962).
• 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis
• 1961 – 1963 – MLK’s movement climaxes
• 1961 – 1963 – US increased presence from 900 to 16,000 in Viet Nam
• 1963 – JFK assassinated

Silent Spring Aftermath

• 1963 – President’s Science Advisory Committee issues report calling for reducing pesticides’ effects.
• 1963 – Senate calls for creation of Environmental Protection Commission
• Early – mid ’60’s – Increased sensitivity in analytical equipment enables detection of ppb’s. Including other chemicals.
• 1965 – First pesticide food tolerances

IPM Concept Solidifies in the

1970’s

• 1975 – First textbook, Metcalf & Luckman (former had been criticized in SS)
• 1978 – CIPM project replaces IBP
  • Included weeds & plant pathogens
  • Included economic analyses
• 1978 – KY statewide IPM program began

IPM Becomes Ingrained

• 1984 – IPM becomes an annual federal budget item
• Large-scale scouting programs rise, decline, and stabilize in the 1980’s
• 1993 – National IPM Initiative: 75 % of US cropland to have IPM by 2000
• 2000 – National effort to develop “Crop Profiles” and “IPM Strategic Plans”

Significance of Pests in IPM

By Wednesday, Read Norris et al. Chapter 5, Comparative Biology of Pests

Impact Related to Direct & Indirect

Effects

Comparison of Direct and Indirect Pests

Characteristic Direct Indirect Commodity Marketable Non-Marketable Yield-Pest Relationship Simple^ Complex

Pest Status Usually Key Pest Any

Pest Group Insects & Pathogens Any

Farmer Tolerance Low Higher

General Impact of Pests – Non-

injury

• Costs incurred to implement controls
• Environmental and social costs
• Regulatory costs (embargoes, quarantines, shipment costs, etc.)

Crop Injury in More Detail

• Crop Injury
  • Tissue Injury
    • Leaves
    • Structural
    • Roots
    • Flowers and Fruiting/Reproductive Tissues
    • General Systemic Injury
  • Competition
    • Water, Light, Nutrients
  • Allelopathy

Tissue Injury to Leaves

Bleaching Leaf turns white or nearly so. Usually caused by using the wrong herbicide.

Tissue Injury to Leaves

Chlorosis Leaf tissue loses its chlorophyll and turns yellow. May occur in spots.

Chlorosis in soybeans. Individual leaves (left) and at the field level (right).

Tissue Injury to Leaves

Cupping and Curling Leaves cup up or down or they curl inward from the edges.

Downward cupping along main vein of each leaflet in soybeans caused by Bean Common Mosaic Potyvirus

Tissue Injury to Leaves

Edge Feeding Leaves chewed and eaten from the edges. Feeding lesions can have smooth or jagged edges. Usually caused by insects w/chewing mouthparts.

Leaf edge feeding on rhododendron leaves by adult black vine root weevils.