Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide: Organization of the Human Body | Schemes and Mind Maps Introduction to biology

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (N3)

1st Semester AY 2022-2023

STUDY GUIDE

ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Introduction

Hello students! Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology. In this course you will appreciate why nurses need

to study anatomy and physiology. As nurses, we need to understand how to take good care of themselves

and their clients/patients. The body must remain in a balanced condition to operate. When one’s body has

a problem in balance, health professionals must figure out how to recover the body’s stability to help the

client/patient.

The first topic is about knowing how the body is organized and the processes that make us alive which are

basic foundational knowledge in anatomy and physiology. In this study guide, we will learn about the

organization of the human body and the various life processes that ensure growth, development,

metabolism, and homeostasis. In the second part of this study guide, we will learn the various anatomical

terms and directions which will be important when we want to accurately describe anatomical landmarks

and physiological processes.

Hope you enjoy this topic and the rest of Anatomy and Physiology.

Learning outcomes

After going through this topic, you should be able to:

1. Define anatomy and physiology and name several subspecialties in these sciences;

2. Describe the levels of structural organization that make up the human body;

3. Define the important life processes, the concept of homeostasis, and explain its relationship with

the interstitial fluid;

4. Explain how homeostatic imbalances are related to disorders

5. Describe the anatomical position

6. Relate the common names to the corresponding anatomical descriptive terms for various regions

of the human body

7. Define the anatomical plans, sections, and directional terms used to describe the human body

8. Outline the major body cavities, the organs they contain, and their associated linings.

Resources that you can read

Please read the main references below to better understand the topic.

1. Betts JG, Desaix Peter, Johnson E et al (2017). Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body.

Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax Rice University. Pp 7-40.

Note: You may access this open education resource in this link:

https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology. You have an option to view the book

online or download the PDF file.

2. Tortora GJ & Derrickson B. (2014). Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body. Principles of

Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14 edition. Pp 1-26.

Study Guide_Organization of the Human Body_Abad_Peralta_31August2022

Partial preview of the text

Download Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide: Organization of the Human Body and more Schemes and Mind Maps Introduction to biology in PDF only on Docsity!

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (N3)

1st Semester AY 2022- STUDY GUIDE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY Introduction Hello students! Welcome to Anatomy and Physiology. In this course you will appreciate why nurses need to study anatomy and physiology. As nurses, we need to understand how to take good care of themselves and their clients/patients. The body must remain in a balanced condition to operate. When one’s body has a problem in balance, health professionals must figure out how to recover the body’s stability to help the client/patient. The first topic is about knowing how the body is organized and the processes that make us alive which are basic foundational knowledge in anatomy and physiology. In this study guide, we will learn about the organization of the human body and the various life processes that ensure growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis. In the second part of this study guide, we will learn the various anatomical terms and directions which will be important when we want to accurately describe anatomical landmarks and physiological processes. Hope you enjoy this topic and the rest of Anatomy and Physiology. Learning outcomes After going through this topic, you should be able to:

Define anatomy and physiology and name several subspecialties in these sciences;
Describe the levels of structural organization that make up the human body;
Define the important life processes, the concept of homeostasis, and explain its relationship with the interstitial fluid;
Explain how homeostatic imbalances are related to disorders
Describe the anatomical position
Relate the common names to the corresponding anatomical descriptive terms for various regions of the human body
Define the anatomical plans, sections, and directional terms used to describe the human body
Outline the major body cavities, the organs they contain, and their associated linings. Resources that you can read Please read the main references below to better understand the topic.
Betts JG, Desaix Peter, Johnson E et al (2017). Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body. Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax Rice University. Pp 7-40. Note: You may access this open education resource in this link: https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology. You have an option to view the book online or download the PDF file.
Tortora GJ & Derrickson B. (2014). Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14 edition. Pp 1-26. Study Guide_Organization of the Human Body_Abad_Peralta_31August

Note: We are still requesting the College of Nursing Library for the purchase of the e-book of this edition.

Organization of the Human Body pre-recorded lecture video by Asst. Prof. Peter James B. Abad uploaded in Canvas Topic outline The specific topics that will be covered in this study guide are as follows:
Definition of anatomy and physiology
Levels of structural organization
Basic life processes
Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms
Basic anatomical and directional terms
Planes and sections
Body cavities, regions, and quadrants 1. Definition of Anatomy and Physiology Simply speaking, anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them. Body structures can be big (e.g., a major organ like the liver) or very small (e.g., tissues and cells) which require a microscope for these to be seen. Physiology , on the other hand, is the science of body functions—how body parts work. For example, in physiology, we would be interested to know how the heart pumps blood and what could be the regulatory mechanisms that maintain the amount of blood ejected every minute (called the cardiac output). In Nursing 3, we study anatomy and physiology together because the structure of organs provide insight into their functions and vice versa. For example, knowing that the alveoli in the lungs are made up of single layered cells (you will later learn that these are called simple squamous epithelium) will give you an idea of their function in gas exchange and how this structure enables diffusion of g gasses to happen. Activity 1. Anatomy and Physiology Subspecialties Answer the following question in the discussion forum in VLE.
Anatomy as well as physiology have several subspecialties. Can you identify these subspecialties and explain what they specifically study?
Can you give your own example on how a structure of a body part is related to its function? 2. Levels of Structural Organization In studying anatomy and physiology, understanding the six levels of organization will allow us to examine anatomical structures and physiological processes in greater detail. For example, when we study the physiology of digestion, we would need to know what exactly is happening at the cellular, even molecular level, to understand how gastric juices and pancreatic enzymes are produced, Study Guide_Organization of the Human Body_Abad_Peralta_31August

Nervous system Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments; interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions. Endocrine system Regulates body activities by releasing hormones which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ. Cardiovascular system The heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and CO2 and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content; blood components (e.g., white blood cells and platelets) help defend against disease and ensures coagulation. Lymphatic system Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; it includes structures where lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate. Respiratory system Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids by regulating amount of dissolved CO2 in the blood; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds. Digestive system Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminate solid wastes Urinary system Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of the blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains the body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells. Reproductive system Gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism; gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes. Content adapted from: Tortora GJ & Derrickson B. (2014). Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14 edition. Pp 1-26. Activity 2. Organ-System Level Answer the following question in the discussion forum in VLE.

What are the organs that constitute each of the organ-systems above?
Which organ systems function to regulate acid-base balance in body fluid? Study Guide_Organization of the Human Body_Abad_Peralta_31August

3. Basic life processes There are six (6) main basic life processes. These life processes distinguish living organisms like us from non-living ones. These six processes are as follows: 1. Metabolism- simply, it refers to the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. Catabolism refers to the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. An example of a catabolic process is digestion of food in which large molecules of sugar are broken down into simpler forms like glucose and fructose. These simpler forms are then absorbed by the body which are needed to generate energy at the cellular level. Anabolism, on the other hand, involves building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. For example, amino acids produced by protein synthesis in the cells form part of proteins that are responsible for new structures in the body (like your muscle). 2. Responsiveness- this refers to the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes or stimulus. The stimulus can be external (i.e., from the environment outside of the body) or internal (i.e., from inside the body). Examples would be when you turn your head toward the sound of a squealing brakes (external stimulus), and when a nerve cell respond by generating electrical signals known as nerve impulses (in response to either an external or internal stimulus). 3. Movement- refers to the motion of the whole body, individual organs, singe cells, and even tiny structures inside cells. Example of gross movement include coordinated movement of your legs when you walk. Another example of a movement of an organ is the contraction of the gallbladder to squirt bile into the gastrointestinal tract. Cells also move and an example of this is the movement of white blood cells to the site of tissue injury. 4. Growth- refers to an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. An example would be the accumulation of mineral deposits between bone cells causing bones to grow in length and width. 5. Differentiation- refers to the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. A few days after fertilization, the resulting zygote is composed of stem cells which can differentiate into various cells as the zygote develops and grow. A stem cell, for example, can differentiate into the muscle cell, blood cells, nerve cells, and all the other cells in the body. Yet another example would be the bone marrow cells which contain stem cells that differentiate to the different blood components (i.e., red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelets). 6. Reproduction- refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual. Cellular division is needed for growth and development. There are two types of cellular division—(1) mitosis- which refers to the division of somatic cells (i.e., all cells of the body except the sex cells), and (2) meiosis – which refers to the division of sex cells. Activity 3. Basic Life Processes Answer the question below in the discussion forum in Canvas. Study Guide_Organization of the Human Body_Abad_Peralta_31August

childbirth. The pressure that is exerted by the baby’s head in the cervix would stimulate the pituitary gland to produce oxytocin and this hormone will then stimulate uterine contraction which pushes the baby towards the cervix. And with this pressure in the cervix again stimulates the brain to secrete more oxytocin. Additional Resource: To illustrate further physiological feedback mechanisms, you may watch the following video from Khan Academy on Physiological Concept on Positive and Negative Feedback with reproductive hormones as example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zv8LHyH7_rI Activity 4. Feedback Mechanism Answer the question below in the discussion forum in VLE. Give other examples of disturbances in the internal environment that can act as a stimulus to a feedback mechanism.

5. Basic Anatomical Terminology and Directional Terms Now that you have an overview of the organization of the human body, let us try to examine how we can describe body parts more accurately using anatomical terminologies. When we describe any region or part of the human body, we describe it in relation to a specific stance called anatomical position. In the anatomical position, the person stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward. Refer the picture on page 24 of Anatomy and Physiology by Betts, Desaix et al (2017). If you are using the book of Tortora and Derrickson (2014), it is on page 13. On this page, you will see the various parts of the body with their corresponding anatomical terminologies. I would suggest that you know these terminologies by heart because we will refer to them more often in this course and in your higher nursing courses. Now that you know the anatomical terminologies, let us look at the directional terms. These terms are used to describe the location of a body part in relation to another body part. Below are the directional terms that we use. You can also visit page 15 of Tortora and Derrickson (2014) or page 25 of Betts, Desaix et al (2017) for the illustration of the directional terms. Directional Term Definition and Example Superior Toward the head or the upper part of a structure Example: The eyes are superior to the mouth. Inferior Away from the head or the lower part of a structure Example: The stomach is inferior to the lungs. Study Guide_Organization of the Human Body_Abad_Peralta_31August

Anterior Nearer to or at the front of the body Example: The thymus gland is anterior to the heart. Posterior Nearer to or at the back of the body. Example: The retina is at the posterior part of the eyes. Lateral Farther from the midline. Example: The thumb is lateral to the 5th^ digit. Medial Near to the midline. Example: The ulna is medial to the radius. Intermediate Between two structures. Example: The heart is intermediate to the lungs. Ipsilateral On the same side of the body as another structure. Example: The pancreas and the descending colon are ipsilateral. Contralateral On the opposite side of the body from another structure. Example: The ascending colon and descending colon are contralateral Proximal Near to the attachment of a limb to the trunk or nearer to the origination of a structure. Example: The femur is proximal to the tibia and fibula. Distal Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure. Example: The radius is distal to the humerus. Superficial Toward or on the surface of the body. Example: The ribs are superficial to the lungs. Deep Away from the surface of the body. Example: The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back. Content adapted from: Tortora GJ & Derrickson B. (2014). Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14 edition. Pp 1-26. Activity 5. Anatomical Directional Terms Study Guide_Organization of the Human Body_Abad_Peralta_31August

7. Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants The last topic to be covered in this study guide are the body cavities. Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs. There are several body cavities such as the cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, and abdominopelvic cavity. Activity 7. Cavities Answer the question below in the discussion forum in VLE. Can you identify the organs that are in the following cavities? a. Thoracic cavity b. Cranial cavity c. Abdmonial cavity d. Abdominal Cavity e. Pelvic cavity f. Mediastinum The thoracic and abdominal cavity and the organs within these cavities are lined by serous membranes. The serous membranes are epithelial tissues that cover the organs and the cavity walls. It has two parts – (1) parietal layer – which lines the walls of the cavities; and (2) visceral layer – which covers the organs (or the viscera) within the cavity. There is a potential space between the visceral layer and the parietal layer, and this is lubricated by a fluid called serous fluid. This lubrication is important to prevent friction and to ease movement of organs. The serous membrane in the pleural cavity is called pleura. The parts of the pleura are: 1. Parietal pleura- lines the walls of the pleural cavity 2. Visceral pleura- covers the lungs The serous membrane in the pericardial cavity is called pericardium. The parts of the pericardium are: 1. Parietal pericardium- lines the pericardial cavity wall 2. Visceral pericardium- covers the heart The serous membra in the peritoneal cavity is called peritoneum. The parts of the peritoneum are: 1. Parietal peritoneum- lines the peritoneal cavity wall 2. Visceral peritoneum- covers the viscera within the abdominal wall To describe the location of the abdominal and pelvic organs, we use imaginary lines to partition the abdominopelvic cavity into regions and quadrants. See page 20 of Tortora and Derrickson (2014) or page 28 of Betts, Desaix et al (2017) to view the illustration of abdominopelvic regions and quadrants. Study Guide_Organization of the Human Body_Abad_Peralta_31August

Activity 8. Organs Answer the question below in the discussion forum in VLE. In which region and quadrant can the following organs be found? a. Stomach b. Ascending colon c. Descending colon d. Urinary bladder e. Liver f. Appendix Activty 9. Laboratory Activity To supplement your learning from the resources above, please answer the laboratory worksheets on ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY and submit in the designated submission bin. References:

Betts JG, Desaix Peter, Johnson E et al (2017). Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body. Anatomy and Physiology. OpenStax Rice University. Pp 7-40.
Tortora GJ & Derrickson B. (2014). Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14 edition. Pp 1-26. Study Guide_Organization of the Human Body_Abad_Peralta_31August

Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide: Organization of the Human Body, Schemes and Mind Maps of Introduction to biology

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Download Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide: Organization of the Human Body and more Schemes and Mind Maps Introduction to biology in PDF only on Docsity!

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (N3)