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Introduction to Midwifery Pharmacology, Study notes of Pharmacology

The document contains notes about pharmacology specifically it covers the topic about Midwifery pharmacology, drugs, drug evaluation as well as common drug preparation.

Typology: Study notes

2020/2021

Available from 03/09/2022

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INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
Why do we need to study Pharmacology?
■ Midwifery pharmacology deals with the study of different drugs used in conditions affecting
pregnancy, labor and delivery and the responsibilities of the midwife in drug administration.
PHARMACOLOGY
. - It is a Latin word meaning drug knowledge. -
. "Pharmacou = drug. - Ology= science or knowledge."
Greek word pharmakon= "drugs"
In the scientific study of the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs
deals with how drugs interact within biological systems to affect function
a branch of knowledge that has to do with the chemicals that have biological effect
PHARMACIST
Who is qualified and licensed?
Functions:
To prepare and dispense drugs
Responsible for the manufacture of the dosage form of drugs (eg. tablets, capsules)
PHARMACOLOGIST
Is a scientist who specializes in the study of pharmacodynamics, employing all kinds of
biochemical, physiological and other techniques.
PHARMACY
Is a medical science concerned with the safe and effective use of medicines. . The study
of techniques involved in the preparation, compounding, dispensing, preservation and
storage of the drugs for medical use.
A place where medicines are compounded or dispensed.
PHARMACOPOEIA
is a book describing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations and formulas, which
are standard fo preparation and dispensation of drug.
Issued by an officially recognized authority and serving as a standard.
DRUG
is defined by the United States food and drug administration as a substance or agent used
in diagnosis, cure, prevention, mitigation, or treatment of a disease of condition.
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INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

Why do we need to study Pharmacology? ■ Midwifery pharmacology deals with the study of different drugs used in conditions affecting pregnancy, labor and delivery and the responsibilities of the midwife in drug administration. PHARMACOLOGY

. - It is a Latin word meaning drug knowledge. - . "Pharmacou = drug. - Ology= science or knowledge." - Greek word pharmakon= "drugs" - In the scientific study of the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs - deals with how drugs interact within biological systems to affect function - a branch of knowledge that has to do with the chemicals that have biological effect PHARMACIST - Who is qualified and licensed? Functions: - To prepare and dispense drugs - Responsible for the manufacture of the dosage form of drugs (eg. tablets, capsules) PHARMACOLOGIST - Is a scientist who specializes in the study of pharmacodynamics, employing all kinds of biochemical, physiological and other techniques. PHARMACY - Is a medical science concerned with the safe and effective use of medicines.. The study of techniques involved in the preparation, compounding, dispensing, preservation and storage of the drugs for medical use. - A place where medicines are compounded or dispensed. PHARMACOPOEIA - is a book describing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations and formulas, which are standard fo preparation and dispensation of drug. - Issued by an officially recognized authority and serving as a standard. DRUG - is defined by the United States food and drug administration as a substance or agent used in diagnosis, cure, prevention, mitigation, or treatment of a disease of condition.

  • The FDA definition of drug also includes any substance listed in USP (the United States pharmacopia) and BP (British pharmacopia) and all substances other than food or devices capable of altering body structure. PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC: (CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY)
  • Branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent and diagnose disease. It addresses two key concerns:
  • the drugs' effect on the body
  • the body's response to the drug PHARMACOGNOSY
  • The branch of pharmacology dealing with the economic, biological and chemical aspects of natural drugs and their constituents.
  • Study of the sources of drugs and the physical characteristics of crude or unrefined drugs. * Study of drugs derived from herbal and other natural resources and how the body reacts to them. Simply: The study of natural (plant and animal) drug sources. **SOURCES OF DRUGS
  1. PLANTS**
  • plants and plant parts have been as medicines since pre-historic times.
  • plants are an important source of chemicals that are developed into drugs.. - EX; digitalis used to treat cardiac disorders, aloe leaves for burns, turmeric as antioxidant and anti- inflammatory. Remember: Marijuana has no legal/acceptable medical use. 2. ANIMAL PRODUCTS
  • used to replace human chemicals that are not produced because of disease or genetic problems. Ex: insulin (from cow and pig pancreas tissue) for treating diabetes
  • Thyroid drugs & growth hormones animal thyroid/hypothalamus tissues
  • Fish oil that contains omega 3 fatty acids, vit A and D.

FDA PREGNANCY CATEGORIES

  • Indicate the potential or actual teratogenic effects of drug

❖ Regardless of the designated pregnancy category or presumed safety, NO drug should be administered during pregnancy unless it is clearly needed. COMMON DRUG PREPARATIONS _1) Aerosol spray or foam – a liquid, powder or foam deposited in a thin layer on the skin by air pressure

  1. Aqueous solution-one or more drugs dissolved in water
  2. Aqueous suspension-one or more drugs finely divided in a liquid such as water
  3. Caplet-a solid form, shaped like a capsule, coated and easily swallowed
  4. Capsule - a gelatinous container to hold a drug in powder, liquid or oil form 6) Cream-a non- greasy, semisolid preparation used on the skin
  5. Elixir-a sweetened and aromatic solution of alcohol used as a vehicle for medicinal agents 8) Extract-a concentrated form of a drug made from vegetables or animals
  6. Gel or jelly - A clear or translucent semisolid that liquefies when applied to the skin
  7. Liniment - a medication mixed with alcohol, oil or soapy emollient and applied to the skin.
  8. Lotion-a medication in a liquid suspension applied to the skin
  9. Lozenge (troche)-a flat, round or oval preparation that dissolves and releases a drug when held in the mouth._

b. Sublingual - placing drug under the tongue to dissolve and absorb into blood through the tissue there. Ex; nifedipine c. Buccal - placing drug between gums and cheek. d. Gastric (stomach) - involves the use of tube through the nasal passage (NG tube) or tube in the belly leading to the stomach. e. Rectal administration - involves solid forms such as rectal suppositories or in liquid forms such as enema. Mostly used in old patients.

2. PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATIONS 3.TOPICAL ▪ Drugs may be applied to the external surfaces, the skin and the mucous membranes. Tropical routes include: a. BENEPIDERMIC ROUTE- applied to outer skin. Ex; plasters, creams and ointments b. EPIDERMIC ROUTE - when the drug is rubbed into the skin. Ex; oils c. INSUFFLATIONS- when drug in finely powdered form is blown into the body cavities or spaces with special nebulizer. d. INSTILLATION- liquids may be poured into the body by a dropper into the conjunctival sac, ear, nose and wounds. Solids may be also administered. e. IRRIGATION or DOUCHING - used for washing a cavity. Ex: urinary bladder, uterus, vagina and urethra. It is also used for application of antiseptic drugs. PAINTING- simply applied in the form of lotion on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces of buccal, nasal cavity and other internal organs.

f. PAINTING - simply applied in the form of lotion on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces of buccal, nasal cavity and other internal organs. WHEN THE DRUG IS ADMINISTERED, THE MIDWIFE SHOULD UNDERSTAND:

- PHARMACODYNAMICS- The science dealing with interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs, that enter those systems. - how the drug affects the body ▪ PHARMACOKINETICS - involves the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation) and excretion of drugs. - how the body acts on the drug PHARMACODYNAMICS DRUG ACTIONS:

  1. To replace or act as substitutes for missing chemicals. 2. To increase or stimulate certain cellular activities.
  2. To depress or slow cellular activities.
  3. To interfere with the functioning of foreign cells, such as invading microorganisms or neoplasms. PHARMACOKINETICS
  4. ABSORPTION = is the transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream.
  5. DISTRIBUTION = involves the movement of the drug to the body's tissues.
  6. METABOLISM = the process by which drugs are changed into new, less active chemicals. The liver detoxifies many chemicals and uses others to produce needed enzymes and structures. = liver is the major site of drug metabolism.
  7. EXCRETION = elimination of drugs or it's chemical by products. = skin, saliva, lungs, bile, and feces are the routes used to excrete drugs. Kidneys however play the most important role in drug excretion.