Introduction And History Of Microbiology, Slides of Microbiology

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MICROBIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

I NT R O D U C T IO N

• Microbiology is the branch of science that studies microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
• These microrganisms are found everywhere - air, water, soil, and even inside human body.
• Microbiology helps us understand how microorganisms function, how they interact with their surroudings, and how they can be beneficial or harmful.

• DISCOVERY ERA (17th-18th century):

▶ Robert Hooke(1665) - He made one of the first microscopes

and was the oneto introduce the word ‘cell’ when he was looking at a cork underneath his microscope.

▶ Francesco Redi(1668) - An Italian scientist who experimented

on meat to see how rotting/maggots were produced. He did this to disprove the spontaneous generation theory. He discovered this was wrong as there was no growth of microorganisms on the meat.

▶ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - Developed

powerful single lens microscope with up to

300x magnification. He was the first to see a

living organism through the eyes of a

microscope, this happened when he was

studying pond water. He named the moving

organisms ‘animalcules’ because they looked

like animals.

2. Fermentation Studies(1857)

• Showed that microbes cause fermentation in wine and beer.
• Identified that different microbes produce different fermentation products e.g. yeast produces alcohol.

3. Pasteurization(1864)

• It is a process that involves heating food at a low temperature to kill harmful bacteria and extend its shelf life.
• Types of pasteurization: a. - A slow process that involves heating milk to 63 degrees celcius for 30 minutes. It’s mainly used for smaller volumes of milk and dairy products. b. - A high-temperature short-time process that involves heating milk to 71.7 degrees celcius for 15 seconds. It’s used for pourable products like juices. c. - A process that involves heating milk to 135-140 degrees celcius for 2-4 seconds. It’s similar to sterilization and can extend the shelf life of milk up to 9 months.

4. Germ Theory Of Disease(1865)

• Proposed that microorganisms cause diseases in living organisms.

5. Vaccine Development

• Developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax.

▶ Robert Koch:

1. Koch’s postulates a. - The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms. b. - The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. c. - The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. d. - The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.