Information Processing Approach, Slides of Human Memory

Download Information Processing Approach and more Slides Human Memory in PDF only on Docsity!

The Information-Processing

Approach

The Nature of the

Information-Processing

Approach

Mechanisms of

Change

Information,Memory, and

Thinking

Cognitive Resources:Capacity & Speed of

ProcessingInformation

Sensory

Store

ShortTerm Memory

LongTerm Memory

SelectiveAttention

Rehearsal

Limited Capacity

Meaningfulness & Organization

A Model of the Memory System

UnlimitedCapacity

Intention toRemember

Cognitive Resources: Capacity

and Speed of Processing

Developmental Changes - Increases in

capacity

and

speed

of information processing

Contributions of

biology

and

experience

Brain Structure

(e.g., changes in frontal lobes)

Neural

: synaptic pruning – fewer but stronger

connections

Neural

: myelination (completed by adolescence) –

increases speed of electronic impulses

Practice of skills

: well-learned skills are implemented

with greater speed & less demand on cognitive capacity

Mechanisms of Change

Encoding:

getting information into

memory

Automaticity:

processing information

with little effort

Strategy construction:

discovering new

processing procedures

Self-modification:

represented by

metacognition

, “knowing about knowing

Developmental Changes in

Attention

Increase in selective attention

Increase in attention span

Increase in

cognitive control

of attention;

less impulsivity

Increase in attention to

relevant

stimuli

Getting Students to Pay Attention

Make learning interesting

Encourage attention and

minimize distraction

Use cues and

gestures for important

material

Focus on active learning and be aware of individual

differences

Use media and technology to make

learning enjoyable

Developmental Changes in Memory

Working Memory Links to

Development

ƒ

Older children have greater capacity inworking memory

ƒ

Children who have better working memoryare more advanced in reading comprehension,math skills, and problem solving

ƒ

Are these differences due to brain maturationor automaticity of cognitive skills?

Encoding Strategies

CONSTRUCTING

IMAGES

DEEP PROCESSING

Deeper processing,

better memory

REHEARSAL

Consistent repetition of

information over time

ELABORATION

Adds to distinctiveness

ORGANIZATIONAided by chunking

Contents of Long-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

Declarative Memory

(explicit)

EpisodicMemory

Procedural Memory

(implicit)

SemanticMemory

If the balloons popped the sound wouldn’t be able tocarry since everything would be too far away from thecorrect floor. A closed window would also prevent thesound from carrying, since most buildings tend to bewell insulated. Since the whole operation depends ona steady flow of electricity, a break in the middle of thewire would also cause problems. Of course, the fellowcould shout, but the human voice is not loud enough tocarry that far. An additional problem is that a stringcould break on the instrument. Then there could be noaccompaniment to the message. It is clear that the bestsituation would involve less distance. Then therewould be fewer potential problems. With face to facecontact, the lesser number of things could go wrong.

John Bransford

Vanderbilt Univ. A Founder of

Cognitive Psychology ClassicProblems:UnderstandingThe Balloon Story

ClassicProblems:UnderstandingThe Balloon Story

Space Trip to an Inhabited Planet

The view was breathtaking. From the window one couldsee the crowd below. Everything looked extremely smallfrom such a distance, but the colorful costumes could stillbe seen. Everyone seemed to be moving in one direction inan orderly fashion, and there seemed to be little children aswell as adults. The landing was gentle, and luckily theatmosphere was such that no special suits had to be worn.At first there was a great deal of activity. Later, when thespeeches started, the crowd quieted down. The man withthe television camera took many shots of the setting andthe crowd. Everyone was very friendly and seemed gladwhen the music started.

Strategies for Helping Students to

Improve Their Memory

ƒ

Motivate children to remember material byunderstanding.

ƒ

Assist students in organizing what they put intotheir memory.

ƒ

Teach mnemonic strategies

ƒ

Method of loci

ƒ

Rhymes (e.g., alphabet song)

ƒ

Acronyms (e.g., HOMES for the 5 great lakes

ƒ

Keyword method