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INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY

UNIT-I (Fundamentals of Internet)

What is Internet?, Internet applications, Internet Addressing – Entering a Web Site Address, URL–Components of URL, Searching the Internet, Browser – Types of Browsers, Introduction to Social Networking: Twitter, Tumblr, LinkedIn, Facebook, flickr, Skype, yahoo, YouTube, WhatsApp.

Q) What is internet?

Internet is defined as an information superhighway to access information over the web (OR) Internet is a worldwide global system of interconnected computers. The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more. You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also called going online. When someone says a computer is online, it's just another way of saying it's connected to the Internet. What is the Web? The World Wide Web —usually called the Web for short—is a collection of different websites you can access through the Internet. A website ismadeupofrelatedtext, images, andotherresources. Web Page A document that has information can be displayed in a web browser like Firefox, Google Chrome, etc. Its called just “pages.” Web Server Where the web content is stored called a web server. The web server is used to host web sites. The web site is a collection of web pages, The web server is a software that responds to the request for web resources.

History of Internet

The history of the internet timeline in a chronological view. In 1969, MIT scientists invented a data transmission method and the first data to send from one computer to another was ‘LOG’. They converted the word ‘LOG’ into binary values and sent from one to another using the wired medium. In 1970, 13 computers at MIT were internally connected. In 1971, the first email was sent using @ sign in ARPANET. In 1983, the TCP/IP protocols became stronger and more sophisticated. Some attributes addition like acknowledgment (ACK) and reverse acknowledgment (RAK) made the internetworking as a good outlook. In 1990, a CERN scientist T.B. Lee proposed a markup language which is named HTTP later. In this proposed method, Lee connected CERN employees by sharing messages through this language platform. But this method was limited to CERN members only. In 1993, the proposed method of Lee was open to the public and the first website launched in the world. Although some say that the first website was launched in 1991 but that wasn’t public or free.

• Finding books and study material o Books and other study material stared around the world can be easily located through internet. Latest encyclopedias are available online.
• Health and Medicine o Internet provides information and knowledge about field of health and medicine. People can have information about various diseases and can receive help. Patient can be taken to virtual check room where they can meet doctors.
• Travel o One can use internet to gather information about various tourist place. It can be used for booking holiday tours, hotels, train and flights. Some of the web sites providing this service air India travels. Org. com, raj travel. Com, make mytrip. Com.
• Entertainment o Songs, movies, latest sports update through internet some of the web sites providing these services are cricinfo.com.
• Shopping o Internet is also used for online shopping. By just giving accounts details you can perform the transaction you can even pay your bills and perform bank related transaction.
• Stock Market Updates o You can sell or bases shares white sitting on computer through interest several websites like ndtv profit.com, money pore.com, provide information regarding investment.
• Research o A large number of people are using internet for research purposes you can download any kind information by using internet.
• Business use of internet: Different ways by which internet can be used for business are: Information about the product can be provided online to the customer.
• Provide market information to the business.
• It helps business to recruit talented people.
• Help in locating suppliers of the product.
• Fast information regarding customers view about company’s product.
• Eliminate middle men and have a direct contact with customer
• Providing information to the investor by providing companies background and financial information on website.

Q) Internet Addressing

Each computer and router on the internet must have a name so that it can be uniquely identified. An Internet addressing or Internet protocol address or IP address consists of 32 bits, or four bytes. IP addresses as four natural numbers from 0-255. It is common to express IP addresses as four natural numbers separated by dots. The network interface card NIC of every computer that wants to send or receive messages on the internet must have at least one

http ://WWW. Abed. Com / ~ ejay / index. Htm / Protocol host name folder name Filename address. This is similar to the need for you to have a unique address receive mail. On the internet, this address is called IP address. IP address is often expressed in the dotted decimal format, such as: 192.168.1.

Q) Entering a Web Site Address

You can specify a URL in several ways, but three methods are most commonly used. (1) Type the URL in the browser’s address box. (2) Click a hyperlink that is linked to that URL.‘ (3) Store the URL in your browser’s favorites’ list, then select the URL from the list.

Q) Components of URL

An URL stands for uniform Resource Locator, which is simply an address of a document on the web, more accurately, on the internet although a URL can look complex and long it’s made up of four basic parts

• Protocols, host names, folder names and filename each of which has a specific function. Depending on the application, a URL can include additional information, to specify user names or input to a server – side script, but fundamentally these four parts cover the basics. Types of URL: - URL s varies depending on the location of the documents to which user will link. Basically URLS fall into two categories; Absolute and relative URL. They are described below. Absolute URL: An absolute URL contains all the information necessary to find the files on the internet. It contains the protocol indicator, host name, folder name and File name. Absolute URL are similar to address used by the U.S postal service, which include a name, street address, apartment number, city, state and zip code. If same of the information is missing – bay, the street number or house number. The carrier can’t deliver the mail to the right person. Similarly, if the protocol indicator or host name is missing from a URL, browsers can not link to a specific file because they won’t know where and how to look for the file. Likewise, if the folder or file name is missing, browsers won’t know which piece of information to pull of the server. The given is an example of absolute URLS. II) Relative URLS: A relative URL usually contains only the folder name and file name or even just the file name. We can use these partial URLs when we are pointing to a file that’s located within the same folder or on the same server as the originating file. In these cases, a browser doesn’t need the server’s name or the protocol indicator because it assumes the files are located in a folder or on a server that’s relative to the originating document. User can use relative URLS to refer to documents in relation to the originating documents, which is called document. Relative URLS or to the server on which the originating document resides, which is called server
• related URLS.

than one other search engine to do the actual work. The results are collected, duplicate retrievals are eliminated, and the results are ranked according to how well they match use query. ✓ The advantage of a Meta search engine is that you can access a number of different search engines with a single query. ✓ The disadvantage is that you will often have a high noise to signal ratio, that is, a lot of the “matches” will not be of interest to you. Ex :-

1. WWW. Meta search. Com
2. WWW. Meta crawler.Com
3. WWW. Meta find. Com

Q) Some Popular Search Engines / Search Engine Examples

Google: You can say it Google web search or Google search or simply Google. The name is enough and further introduction is not necessary. Can you imagine Google manages more than three billion searches per day? It is crawler – based search engine. Not only has the web, Google fulfilled your hunt for the images, videos news, books, maps apps etc. Estimated unique monthly visitors – 1,100,000, Bing: Search engine produced by Microsoft and one of the healthy competitors of Google. Your second-best option for search query is Bing. Bing says for the users “Bing is for doing.’’ It is available in 40 Language’s and totally scripted by Asp.net. Estimate unique monthly visitors – 350,000, Yahoo: Yahoo stands for ‘’Yet another Hierarchically Organized oracle.’’ Through since October 2011 Yahoo is operated by Bing, yahoo search is third prominent search engine you are looking for. It is human – compiled directory-based search engine. Yahoo has collaborated with yelping to boost its local search for better competition with Google. It is totally scripted by php. Estimated unique monthly visitors – 300,000, Ask: ‘’ ASK’’ is the most common key word for your search query ask com was originally known as Ask Jeeves. Ask basically serves the search quarries on daily submitted questions where questions are answered by other users or are in the format polls. They are also based on traditional keyword searching. They had developed the world’s first’’. Click popularity’’ search Technology. Estimate unique monthly Visitors – 245,000, AOL SEARCH: AOL search for America online. AOL search is also a crawler – based search engine, like Google. The outcome of search query of AOL is almost similar to Google. Now the question is where it differs, it differs in the point in ‘’ internal’’ version of AOL search. It provides links to content only available within the AOL online service. So you have the option for search and browsing the web simultaneously. It is written c++ Language. Estimated unique monthly Visitors – 125,000,

Q) Different types of web browsers.

All web browsers are application programs that are developed to access information on which World Wide Web. Although the primary application of the web browsers is the same, they differ from each other in more than one aspect. The distinguishing areas are: Platform: Linux, windows Mac, BSD and other Unix protocols: FTP, SFTP, SAMBA, HTTP, IMAP, etc. Graphical user Interface. (Gui) However, the general, primary and secondary features and facilities offered by web browsers include download, bookmarks, and password management. They also offer functions like spell checking, search engine tool bars, tabbed browsing, advertisement filtering, HTML access keys and pop – up blocking. Internet Explorer:- It was developed by Microsoft in 1994 and released in 1995 as a supportive package to Microsoft windows line of operating systems. According to Statistics, its usage share from 1999 to 2003-04 was around 95%.

2. Pages or Web Pages: - The global collection of documents associated with and accessible via the world web. 3. Hyperlink: - A string of Clickable text or a clickable graphic that points to another web page or document. When the hyperlink is selected, another web page is requested, retrieved, and rendered by the browser. 4. Hyper text: - Web pages that have hyperlinks to other pages. More generally, any text having non linear links to other text. 5. Browser: - A software tool used to view web pages, read email, and read news groups, among other things, Browsers are also called webclients. 6. Multimedia: - Information in the form of graphics, audio, Video, or movies. A multi media document contains a media element other than just plaintext. 7. Hypermedia: - Media with links and navigational tools. 8) Uniform Resource Locator: A string of characters that specify the address of a web page. 9) Surfer: - A person who spends time exploring the World WideWeb. 10) Web Presentation: A collection of associated and hyper linked web pages. Usually, there is an underlying theme to the pages. 11) Web Master: - A person who maintains, creates, and manages a web presentation, often for a business, organization, or university. This person usually “signs” web pages, so that questions and commands can be sent to them. 12) Web Manager: - Synonym for web master. 13) Website: - An entity on the internet that publishes web pages. A web site typically has a computer serving web pages, where as a web presentation is the actual web pages themselves. 14) Web server: - A computer that satisfies user requests for web pages. 15) Mirror Site: - A site that contains a duplicate copy of a web presentation from another site. If a web presentation is extremely popular, other sites may be used to mirror.

Q)What is Social Networking and Explain different types of social networking?

Social networking is the use of the internet-based social media programs to make connections with friends, Family, classmate, customers and clients. The word social implies two-way interaction. So, included I social media is any medium of communication that allows interaction. The most well-known social media sites are: Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Flickr, Skype, Yahoo!, Google+, YouTube, WhatsApp. Etc. The information in a social network collects about a user, includes contact information, locations, associations, personal information, work history, personal preference, who you are friends with etc. Yahoo was launched in 1994 and was created by Jerry Yang and David filo. It is an online portal website created to integrate a vast array of information ranging from entertainment to finance news, Users are able to customize homepage, check email and search the World Wide Web. Yahoo is one of the most visited site in the world. Yahoo is headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.

Advantages:

1. Explore advanced communication methods.
2. Go social using Yahoo.
3. Tap into a massive answer pool.
4. Put the World on your My Page.
5. Search the web using Yahoo

Disadvantages:

1. Privacy issues.
2. Too much tabs.
3. No status bar.
4. Can be slow at times.

Google+

Google+ acts as a social layer for Google, the world's largest search engine company and is integrated into its every product and service such as search, android, YouTube. Google+ Sign in >Google+ is an internet-based platform where like-minded individuals communicate, collaborate and create as a community. Since its launch in 2011, Google+ has been gradually moving towards being one of the most active social networks with hundreds of millions of people having active accounts. Google+ is unique because it functions as a micro blogging, video conferencing and community-based Form all at once.

Advantages:

1. Google+ provides you to follow and comment without any moderation and make personality viral in between big profile people.

WhatsApp was launched in 2009 created by Yahoo former employees Brian Acton and Jan Khoum. WhatsApp is a chatting software developed for smart phones. It is an instant messaging service for phone. In addition to the messaging, there is a facility to send documents, images, video, user location and audio messages. WhatsApp is a texting service between mobile phones. It is a replacement for the regular sms text messages. WhatsApp uses an Internet connection between phones. The services is available for iPhone, BlackBerry, Android and Nokia phones. WhatsApp has become the largest messaging platform all around the world.

Advantages:

1. No need to manually add any contact because this app automatically imports the contacts from your Sim card and mobile and tells you that how many of your friends are using WhatsApp. 2. Save money on SMS/MMS because it sends free messages to any part of the world without any charges.
2. WhatsApp does not have any advertisements on display screen.
3. You can share your location, photos, status with your friends.
4. All tools provided by WhatsApp are very easy to use.
5. Easy to create groups and chats.

Disadvantages:

1. This app must have access to Internet to send and receive messages for free and the messages are also not sent to the phone inbox.
2. Your profile picture is visible to every person having your contact number and using this app, weather known by you or not.
3. If you upload picture in the chat with your friends or groups it automatically save the picture into your friend's phone. Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams in San Francisco and launched in July
4. It is used by millions of people and organizations to quickly share and discover information. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity and became one of the ten most-visited websites. It is described as "the SMS of the Internet". As of March 2016, Twitter has more than 310 million monthly active users.
5. The word Twitter comes from the frequent chirping sound made by the birds, that's why bird symbol is used in Twitter logo.
6. Users can access the site via the website interface, or mobile device app to send and read 140 characters messages called "tweets".
7. Registered users can read and post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them.

Advantages:

1.Twitter is easy to join and use.

2. You can join in Twitter within a minute and start tweeting. You can also follow people From the start of joining Twitter.

3. Free from advertisements.
4. Interface is very handy to use. On Twitter, you want only to follow people to get updates, news, tweet and re- tweet messages.
5. Twitter provides very high-level security about the users accounts.

Disadvantage:

1. Not ideal for visual content.
2. You are limited to 140 characters LinkedIn is a business-oriented social networking service mainly used for professional networking launched in 2003, by Reid Hoffman. This service is used for keeping track of growing professional networks, finding and applying for jobs, posting and viewing online resumes, giving and receiving recommendations, learning more about companies, tracking industry news and moves. As of March 2016, LinkedIn has more than 433 million users, out of which more than 106 million are active. LinkedIn users can :
3. Post their resumes online
4. Find and add professional contacts.
5. Find and apply for Jobs.
6. Find out how many times their profile has been seen.
7. Post digital portfolios.
8. Create and join online professional networking groups by industry, location, age and Educational background.
9. Send private messages.

Advantages:

1. Makes career exploration.
2. Allows other professionals to find you more easily.
3. See career paths of fellow students and alumni. Facebook is a profit corporation and online social media and social networking service launched on February 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates. The founders had initially limited the website's membership to Harvard students; however, later they expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area. The main purpose of Face book is to connect to anyone and everyone.

Benefits and features:

1. Facebook is free to join and free to use.

Skype was launched in August 2003, by Swede Niklas and Zennstrom, and is owned in 2011 by Microsoft. Skype is a computer program that can be used to make free voice calls over the Internet to anyone else who is also using Skype. You can even talk to each other live over video. It is free and considered easy to download and use and works with most computers. Once you download it, register and install the software, you will need to plug-in a headset, speakers or USB phone to start using Skype.

Advantages:

1. Skype offers free communication.
2. You can communicate with the world.
   3. Subscription is free.
3. Skype offers screen sharing.
4. It allows for a group call without the need for group features.

Disadvantages:

1. You need Internet access to use Skype.
2. It does not offer language translation.
3. Skype is still lacking in business tools.
4. Background noises are picked up easily.
5. The information that is transmitted over Skype could be intercepted.

UNIT-II

E-mail: Definition of E-mail - Advantages and Disadvantages – User Ids, Passwords, Email Addresses, Domain Names, Mailers, Message Components, Message Composition, Mail Management. G-Suite: Google drive, Google documents, Google spread sheets, Google Slides and Google forms. …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………..

Q)Definition of Email

Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the internet. It offers an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing information among people.

a) Definition of E-Mail Address / User Id

Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This name is known as E-mail address. Different users can send and receive messages according to the e-mail address. E-mail is generally of the form username@domainname. Example: abc@gmail.com Best email service 2020: paid, free and business providers

• ProtonMail.
• Gmail.
• Outlook.
• Yahoo Mail.
• Zoho.

b) Password

A password is a key to enter your email account. The following are the rules to create strong password Create a strong password A strong password helps you:

• Keep your personal info safe
• Protect your emails, files, and other content
• Prevent someone else from getting in to your account Meet password requirements Create your password using 12 characters or more. It can be any combination of letters, numbers, and symbols (ASCII-standard characters only). Accents and accented characters aren't supported. You can't use a password that:
• Is particularly weak. Example: "password123"
• You've used before on your account
• Starts or ends with a blank space

❖ Printable It is easy to obtain a hardcopy of an e-mail. Also, an electronic copy of an e-mail can also be saved for records. ❖ Global E-mail can be sent and received by a person sitting across the globe. ❖ Generality It is also possible to send graphics, programs and sounds with an e-mail. Disadvantages: Apart from several benefits of E-mail, there also exists some disadvantages as discussed below: ❖ Forgery E-mail doesn’t prevent from forgery, that is, someone impersonating the sender, since sender is usually not authenticated in any way. ❖ Overload Convenience of E-mail may result in a flood of mail. ❖ Misdirection It is possible that you may send e-mail to an unintended recipient. ❖ Junk Junk emails are undesirable and inappropriate emails. Junk emails are sometimes referred to as spam. ❖ No Response It may be frustrating when the recipient does not read the e-mail and respond on a regular basis.

Q)Steps involved in creating E-mail Id

1. Follow these step-by-step instructions to create an Email account Step 1: Open up your internet browser and go to the Google home page: Step 2: C lick on Emails at the top right corner of the page. Step 3: You’ll now be in the ‘Sign in’ section. As you don’t have a Google account yet, you need to create one. Click Create an account. Step 4: To set up your new account, Google needs some information about you – first, your first and last names. Step 5: If the email name that you requested in is not available, you’ll get a message saying that somebody already has that username and offering you some alternatives. Step 7: Once you have completed this page fully, clicking Next Step will take you to the Create Profile Page. If you don’t wish to have a picture on the web, click Next Step to complete setting up your email. If you do, Click on Add Profile Photo and find a photo to add. Then click Next Step. Step 8: You will now have set up your account. You can go straight to your inbox and get started, or you can set up a photo to show as your profile picture.

2. Components of E-Mail message

E-mail message comprises of different components: E-mail Header, Greeting, Text, and Signature. These components are described in the following diagram: