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Difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies use different immune cells. They use the affinity of the same antigen of the different epitopes. They have the affinity of the same antigen with different epitopes, while monoclonal antibodies are made of identical immune cells that are all clones of the specific parent cell. What is the mononuclear phagocyte morphology? Monocytes are made of the bone marrow, are type phagocytes and differentiate to macrophages where they can surround and kill its microorganisms to remove dead cells. Innate immunity : protects against infection that relies on mechanisms that are capable of a rapid response to microbes and reacts essentially the same way for repeated infections. The innate immune system includes- epithelial barriers, phagocytic cells and NK cells Adaptive immune system- on the other hand it has the renewing of the information of the adaptive immune system.
What is the difference between B and T cell lymphocytes? They both have receptors which recognise specific components. The immune system has evolved to respond to different types of pathogens. Natural Killer cells : Cytotoxic lymphocytes lack the phenotypic markers of the T cells.They contain cytoplasmic granules that contain granzymes (serine protease), contain cytoplasmic granules that are large and granular lymphocytes and are able to kill virally infected cells that contain certain sensitive tumour cells. There are at least two types of adaptive immunity: humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Lymphocyte- classes are made in different parts such as T- lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells which kill the virus infected cells; Ab dependent cellular toxicity.
Reed-Stemberg cells ( where mature B cells have become malignant) Most of those cases are caused by Epstein Barr virus (EBV), it is caused by the germ line mutation. TNFAIP£- mutation and EBV infection are alternative mechanisms in HL. Epstein Barr virus - are infected cells where B cells are the main targets-90% of the world’s population is infected with EBV where many people have no symptoms. EBV persists in the individual’s cells for the rest of their life. EBV life cycle life- virus enters through mucosal naive B cells site. B-cell differentiation goes to the memory compartment that occurs in germinal centres driven by type 2 memory B cells. Hodgkin lymphoma has a particular appearance that contains cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. In total, there are five major types of immunoglobulin: IgG, IGA, IgM and IgE. They usually are important for defending against parasites and hypersensitivity reactions. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can determine the antigen that which paratope of the antibody bindings. T cell receptors can recognise the proteins of the antigen receptor and process them into peptides to bind MHC molecules. Allergies- one of the most common immunity disorders where 20%~ of people in Europe. -the disease is exaggerated. The immune system responds to proteins that are bound for chemicals. Cytokines Il-4, IL-5 and IL-13, release the recruitment of the mast cells and eosinophils and plasma cell isotopes. It circulates to basophils, which are capable of switching and producing the main stages of IgE-mediated allergic responses.
Mast cells can activate in different parts: secretion of the preformed granule, synthesis and secretion of lipid mediators and synthesis of the secretion of cytokines. Hodgkin's lymphoma- B lymphocytes multiply and cancel certain parts of the lymphatic system, diagnosed in the presence of Reed- Stemberg. Epstein- Barr Virus human herpesvirus, occurs in oral transfer for the saliva and secretions. These symptoms include a lack of appetite, sore muscles and white patches. Lymphoid cells are infected but B ce;;s are about 90% of the world's population, and many people do not have individual B cells for the rest of their life. Lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) - normal mechanism that controls proliferation, and different classifications of LPDs- lymphomas leukaemia and myeloma. What are the causes of disease: acquired genetic and immune deficiency? T lymphocyte-stimulates B and T killer cells and T killer cells which destroys the pathogens infected cells. Antibodies - have Y-shaped glycoproteins- which bind to specific antigens and trigger an immune response. There are in total 2 shorter identical chains and 2 antigen binding sites which allow antibodies to lock and key mechanisms for binding 2 antigens. Hypersensitivity - exaggerates and makes an inappropriate immunologic response that occurs to type I, II, and III known as immediate hypersensitivity due to occurrence within 24 hours if exposure to the antigen or allergen. Hypersensitivity is an immune response that reacts against antigens or allergens. Hypersensitivity is divided into four parts: Type I, II, II and IV. Type I Ige- releases antibodies that are against antigens. Type II0 cytotoxic - immunoglobulin antibody- IgA antibodies. a d type IV also known as delayed type involves the T-cell mediated reactions. T cells macrophages activate through the cytokine release leading to tissue damage.
