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IFR Questions and Correct Detailed
Answers Updated 2025 Rated A
600ft (precision) - ANS800ft (non-precision) A climb gradient of 300 feet per nautical mile at a ground speed of 100 knots requires what rate of climb? - ANSGround speed divided by 60 minutes times climb gradient = feet per minute; therefore, (100 x 300) / 60 = 498 feet per minute An aircraft operating under 14 CFR Part 91 has a 1.3 times V0 speed 01100 KIAS, making Category B minimums applicable. If it becomes necessary to circle at a speed in excess of this category, what minimums should be used? (AIM 5-4-7) - ANSAn aircraft can only fit into one approach category. If it is necessary to maneuver at speeds in excess of the upper limit of the speed range for each categofy the minimum for the next higher approach category should be used. Are the courses depicted on an Enroute Low Altitude - ANSChart magnetic or true courses? They are magnetic courses. Are you required to report unforecast weather encountered en route? (AIM 5-3-3) - ANSYes; pilots encountering weather conditions which have not been forecast, or hazardous conditions which have been forecast, are
expected to forward a report of such weather to ATC. As a rule of thumb, to minimize DME slant range error, how tar from the facility should you be to consider the reading accurate? (FAA-H-8083-1 5) - ANSSlant range error will be at a minimum if the aircraft is one or more miles from the facility for each 1,000 feet of altitude above the facility. At what rate does atmospheric pressure decrease with an increase in altitude? (AC OO-6A) - ANSAtmospheric pressure decreases approximately I" Hg per 1,000 feet. Can a pilot make a straight-in landing it using an - ANSapproach procedure having only circling minimums? Yes; the fact that a straight-in minimum is not published does not preclude pilots from landing straight-in, if they have the active runway in sight and have sufficient time to make a normal approach to landing. Under such conditions and when ATC has cleared them for landing on that runway, pilots are not expected to circle, even though only circling minimums are published. Can handheld GPS receivers and GPS systems certified for VFR operations be used for IFR operations? - ANSNo, for the following reasons: a. RAIM capability—VFR GPS receivers and all handheld units have no RAIM alerting capability. Loss of the required number of satellites in view, or the detection of a position error, cannot be displayed to the pilot by such receivers.
airspace. Unless designated at a lower altitude, Class E airspace begins at 14,500 feet MSL and extends up to, but not including 18,000 feet MSL, overlying the 48 contiguous states including the waters within 12 miles from the coast of the contiguous states. Concerning two-way radio communications failure in VFR and IFR conditions, what is the procedure for altitude, route, leaving holding fix, descent for approach, and approach selection? (14 CFR §91.185) - ANSIn VFR conditions. If the failure occurs in VFR, or if VFR is encountered after the failure, each pilot shall Continue the flight under VFR and land as soon as practicable. In IFR conditions: If the failure occurs in IFR conditions, or if VFR conditions are not within range, each pilot shall Continue the flight according to the following: a. Route: Assigned by route assigned in last ATC clearance Vectored go direct from point of radio failure to fix, route, airway in vector clearance Expected by route that ATC has advised may be expected Filed by the route filed in flight plan b. Altitude (highest of following altitudes for the route segment being flown): Minimum minimum altitude for IFR operations Expected altitude/flight level ATC has advised to expect in a further clearance Assigned altitude/flight level assigned in the last ATC clearance c. Leave clearance limit:
- When the clearance limit is a fix from which the approach begins, commence descent or descent and approach as close as possible to the expect-further-clearance time if one has been received; or if one has not been received, as close as possible to the estimated time of arrival as calculated from the filed or amended (with ATC) estimated time en route.
- If the clearance limit is not a fix from which the approach begins, leave the clearance limit at the expect-further-clearance time if one has been received; or if none has been received. upon arrival over the clearance limit, and proceed to a fix from which an approach begins and commence descent or decent and approach as close as possible to the estimated time of arrival as calculated from the filed or amended (with ATC) estimated time en route. Define "appropriately rated safety pilot" FAR 61.3, 91.109 - ANS- must hold a private pilot certificate
- current medical certificate
- be current in the category and class of aircraft being flown (ie. single- engine land) Define Alert Area - ANSDepicted on aeronautical charts to inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity. No permission is required, but VFR flights should exercise extreme caution. IFR flights will be cleared through or vectored around it.
Arctic regions, but is not unknown in middle latitudes during the cold season. Ice fog can be quite blinding to someone flying into the sun. Define MAA - ANSMaximum Authorized Altitude; the maximum altitude usable for a route segment that ensures signal reception without interference from another signal on the same frequency. Define MCA - ANSMinimum Crossing Altitude; the lowest altitude at certain fixes at which aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher MEA. Define MDA. - ANSThe Minimum Descent Altitude is the lowest altitude, expressed in feet above MSL, to which descent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering, in execution of a standard instrument approach procedure where no electronic glide slope is provided. Define MEA - ANSMinimum Enroute Altitude; the lowest published altitude between radio fixes which ensures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements. Define Military Operations Area - ANSMOAs consist of airspace of defined vertical and lateral limits established for the purpose of separating certain military training activities from IFR traffic. Permission is not required for VFR flights, but extreme caution should be exercised. IFR flights will be cleared through or vectored around it.
Define MOCA - ANSMinimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude; the lowest published altitude between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments which meet obstacle clearance requirements. It also ensures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 25 statute ( nautical) miles of a VOR. Define MRA - ANSMinimum Reception Altitude; the lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined. Define National Security Area - ANSAirspace of defined vertical and lateral dimensions established at locations where there is a requirement for increased security and safety of ground facilities. Pilots are requested to voluntarily avoid flying through the depicted NSA. When it is necessary to provide a greater level of security and safety, flight in NSAs may be temporarily prohibited by regulation under the provisions of 14 CFR §99.7. Define OROCA - ANSOff-Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude; this provides obstruction clearance with a 1,000-foot buffer in nonmountainous terrain areas and a 2,000-foot buffer in designated mountainous areas within the United States. This altitude might not provide signal coverage from ground-based navigational aids, Air Traffic Control radar, or communications coverage. Define Prohibited Area - ANSFor security or other reasons, aircraft flight is prohibited.
The intermediate approach segment is between the intermecljate fix or point and the final approach fix. The final approach segment is between the final approach fix or point and the runway, airport, or missed approach point. The missed approach segment is between the missed approach point or the point of arrival at decision height, and the missed approach fix at the prescribed altitude. Define the terms: IFR, MVFR and VFR. - ANS1FR. (Instrument Flight Rules)—Ceilings less than 1,000 feet andJor visibilities less than 3 miles MVFR. (Marginal VFR)—Ceiling 1,000 to 3,000 feet inclusive and/or visibility 3 to 5 miles inclusive VFR: (Visual Flight Rules)—No ceiling, or ceiling greater than 3,000 feet and visibility greater than 5 miles Define upslope fog. - ANSUpslope fog forms as a result of moist, stable air being cooled adiabatically as it moves up sloping terrain. Once the upslope wind ceases, the fog dissipates. Unlike radiation fog, it can form under cloudy skies. It is common along the eastern slopes of the Rockies and somewhat less frequent east of the Appalachians; can often be quite dense and extend to high altitudes. Define VDP. - ANSVisual Descent Point—a VDP is a defined point on the final approach course of a nonprecision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced, provided the approach threshold
of that runway, or approach lights or other markings identifiable with the approach end of that runway, are clearly visible to the pilot. Pilots not equipped to receive the VDP should fly the approach procedure as though no VDP had been provided. Define Warning Area - ANSAirspace of defined dimensions extending from 3 nautical miles outward from the coast of the U.S. containing activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. A warning area may be located over domestic or international waters or both. Permission is not required but a flight plan is advised. Describe a U.S. High-Level Significant Weather - ANSProg chart. The U.S. High-Level Significant Weather Prog is also a "Day One" forecast of significant weather. Information provided pertains to the layer from above 24,000 to 60,000 feet (FL250—FL600) and covers a large portion of the Northern Hemisphere and a limited portion of the Southern Hemisphere. The area covered by the prog is divided into sections with each section covering a part of the forecast area. Each prog chart is issued four times a day (OOZ, 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z). Describe a U.S. Low-Level Significant Weather - ANSProg chart. It is a 'Day One" forecast of significant weather for the conterminous U.S. for the layer from surface to FL240 (400 mb). The chart is composed of four panels with two forecast periods, 12 hours and 24 hours, which are issued four times a day at OOZ, 06Z, 12Z, and I 8Z. The two lower panels depict the 12- and 24-hour surface progs and the two upper panels depict the 12- and 24-hour significant weather progs. Covered are forecast positions and
variable wind direction. Automated observations are broadcast on ground- to-air radio and made available on a telephone answering device. Describe the climb procedure when approaching - ANSa fix at which a MCA exists. A pilot should initiate a climb so the MCA is reached by the time the intersection is crossed. An MCA will be charted when a higher MEA route segment is approached. The MCA is usually indicated when you are approaching steeply rising terrain, and obstacle clearance and/or signal reception is compromised. Describe the climb procedure when approaching - ANSa fix beyond which a higher MEA exists. (14 CFR 91.177) A pilot may begin a climb to the new MEA at the fix. Describe the different recommended entry methods for holding. (AIM 5-3-7)
- ANSThe three types of entry are: a. Parallel b. Teardrop c. Direct Describe the procedure for crosswind correction in a holding pattern. (AIM 5-3-7) - ANSCompensate for wind effect primarily by drift correction on the inbound and outbound legs. When outbound, triple the inbound drift correction to avoid major turning adjustments.
Describe the term "contact approach." - ANSAn approach in which an aircraft on an IFR flight plan, having an air traffic control authorization, operating clear of clouds with at least I mile flight visibility and a reasonable expectation of continuing to the destination airport in those condjtjos may deviate from the instrument approach procedure and proceed to the destination airport by visual reference to the surface. This approach will only be authorized when requested by the pilot and the reported ground Visibility at the destination airport is at least 1 statute mile. Discuss 14 CFR §91.3, "ResponsibIlity and - ANSAuthority of PlC." ( CFR §91.3) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to the operation of that aircraft. Discuss transponder operation in the event of a two-way - ANScommunications failure. (AIM 6-4-2) If an aircraft with a coded radar beacon transponder experiences a loss of two-way radio capability, the pilot should adjust the transponder to reply on Mode A/3. Code 7600. Note: The pilot should understand that the aircraft might not he in an area of radar coverage. Do all standard instrument approach procedures have final approach fixes?
- ANSNo, some nonprecision approaches may not have a final approach fix. These particular approaches usually have the NAVAID upon which the approach is based located on the airport.
For IFR operations off established airways the "Route of Flight" portion of an IFR flight plan Should list VOR navigational aids which are no further than what distance from each other? (AIM 5-1 -8) - ANSBelow 18,000 feet MSL, use aids not more than 80 NM apart. Between 14,500 feet MSL and 17,999 feet MSL in the conterminous U.S., H (high altitude service volume) facilities not more than 200 NM apart may be used. Give a brief description of GPS. - ANSGlobal Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio navigation system that broadcasts a signal used by receivers to determine precise position anywhere in the world. The receiver tracks multiple satellites and determines a pseudo-range measurement that is then used to determine the user location. Give some examples of current weather charts, which are used in flight planning and available at the FSS or - ANSNWSO. a. Surface Analysis Chart b. Weather Depiction Chart c. Radar Summary Chart d. Significant Weather Prognostic Chart e. Winds and Temperatures Aloft Chart f. Composite Moisture Stability Chart g. Convective Outlook Chart h. Constant Pressure Analysis Chart i. Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion Chart
How are federal airways depicted on Enroute Low Altitude Charts? - ANSExcept in Alaska and coastal North Carolina, the VOR airways are predicated solely on VOR or VORTAC navigation aids; they are depicted in blue on aeronautical charts (black on Enroute Low Altitude Charts), and are identified by a "V" (Victor) followed by an airway number. A segment of an airway which is common to two or more routes carries the numbers of all the airways which coincide for that segment. How can a pilot become IFR current again if they let their IFR currency expire? FAR 61.57 - ANSregulations allow a second 6 month "grace" period to accomplish (actual or simulated; in flight or sim of appropriate category):
- 6 IAPs
- Holding procedures
- intercepting and tracking course through navigation systems If that is not completed, the pilot needs an instrument proficiency check (IPC) How can a pilot determine the approach category minimums applicable to a particular aircraft? - ANSMinimums are specified for various aircraft approach categories based on a speed of VREF, if specified, or if VF is not specified, 1.3 V0 at the maximum certificated gross landing weight. How can your IFR clearance be obtained? (AIM 5-1-8) - ANSa. At airports with an ATC tower in operation, clearances may be received from either ground control or a specific clearance delivery frequency when available.
station to the aircraft referenced to magnetic north. To determine, use this formula: MH + RB = MB (Magnetic heading + relative bearing = magnetic bearing) If the sum is more than 360, subtract 360 to get the magnetic bearing to the station. The reciprocal of this number is the magnetic bearing from the station. How do you find an ADF relative bearing? - ANSA relative bearing is the angular relationship between the aircraft heading and the station, measured clockwise from the nose. The bearing is read directly on the ADF dial, measured clockwise from zero. How does a pilot determine if an airport has a DP or nonstandard takeoff minimums? (AIM 5-2-7) - ANSA large "T" in a black triangle printed at the bottom of the approach chart in the notes area signifies the airport has nonstandard IFR takeoff minimums andlor a DP has been prescribed. The appropriate section in the front of TPP should be consulted. How does a pilot navigate between the enroute phase and the initial approach segment? - ANSIn this case navigation is accomplished by feeder routes or radar vectors. Feeder routes are depicted on approach procedure charts to designate routes for aircraft to proceed from the enroute structure to the initial approach fix. All routes will include a minimum altitude, course, and distance.
How does an altimeter work? - ANSAneroid wafers expand and contract as atmospheric pressure changes, through shaft and gear linkage, rotate pointers on a dial of the instrument How does the airspeed indicator operate? - ANSMeasures the difference between ram pressure from the pitot head and atmospheric pressure from the static source How does the attitude indicator work? - ANSThe gyro in the attitude indicator is mounted on a horizontal plane and depends upon rigidity in space for its operation. The horizon bar represents the true horizon and is fixed to the gyro; it remains in a horizontal plane as the airplane is pitched or banked about its lateral or longitudinal axis, indicating the attitude of the airplane relative to the true horizon. How does the heading indicator work? - ANSThe operation of the heading indicator works on the principle of rigidity in space. The rotor turns in a vertical plane, and fixed to the rotor is a compass card. Since the rotor remains rigid in space, the points on the card hold the same position in space relative to the vertical plane. As the instrument case and the airplane revolve around the vertical axis, the card provides clear and accurate heading information. How does the magnetic compass work? - ANSMagnets mounted on the compass card align themselves parallel to the Earth's lines of magnetic force.
