Download Humanities CLEP Test Study Guide: A Comprehensive Overview of Key Figures and Movements and more Exams Philosophy in PDF only on Docsity!
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Greek Philosophers Before Socrates - ansPre-Socrates Pythagoras - ans6th Century B.C., a Greek philosopher and mathematician, founder of a religous movement called Pythagoreanism Thales - ans"Father of Western Philosophy". Greek philosopher who taught that the universe had originated from water. Parmenides - ansa pre-socratic Greek philosopher born in Italy. Denied the existence of time, plurality, and motion. NO Change. Founder of Metaphysics. Heraclitus - ansa presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (All is change). Zeno - ansancient Greek philosopher who formulated paradoxes that defended the belief that motion and change are illusory (circa 495-430 BC) Socrates - ansGreek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth. Believed writing distorted ideas. His ideas were recorded by his followers (Plato). Atomism - ansThe idea that matter is made out of atoms Atomists - ansLeucippus and Democritus Plato - ansone of Socrates' students; was considered by many to be the GREATEST philosopher of western civilization. Explained his ideas about government in a work entitled The Republic. In his ideal state, the people were divided into three different groups. Aristotle - ansGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. pop art - ansan artistic movement that emerged in the early 1960s; pop artists took images from popular culture and transformed them into works of fine art mosaics - anspatterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors sculpture - ansthree dimensional work of art, statue bust - ansa sculpture of the head and shoulders of a person obelisk - anstall, 4 sided pillar of stone that rises to a point multi-media - ansusing two or more types of media together to create an art object such as glitter or beads on a painting louise nevelson - ansassembled architectural sculptures of "found" wooden objects and used them to construct screens of boxes of varied sizes which she painted in monochromatic colors. constantin brancusi - ans(1876) 19th-20th c. Romanian sculptor known for highly simplified archetypical human and animal forms (The Kiss; Bird in Space) cellini - ansgoldsmith and sculptor, wrote one of the first autobiographies barbara hepworth - ansBritish abstract sculptor michelangelo - ansItalian Renaissance artist that painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted the statue of David. henry moore - ansabstract sculptor who used rounding techniques and very little detail alexander calder - ansUnited States sculptor who first created mobiles and stabiles (1898-
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hagia sophia - ansMost famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. Constructed of interlocking domes. gothic age architecture - ansstained glass, pointed arches and ribbed vaulting Andrea Palladio - ansarchitect who like a statue at every corner Le Corbusier - ansFrench 20th century architect Christopher Wren - ansarchitect refurbished St. Paul's Cathedral Mies van der Rohe - ansUnited States architect (born in Germany) who built unornamented steel frame and glass skyscrapers (1886-1969) Frank Lloyd Wright - ansConsidered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. flying buttress - ansa brace or support placed on the outside of a building fresco - anspaint onto wet plaster on a wall tempura - ansa technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk gouche - ansOpaque watercolor pieta - ansA painting, drawing, or sculpture of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, holding the dead body of Jesus. The word means "pity" in Italian. renaissance - ansrebirth mannerism - ansa style of art in the mid to late 16th century that permitted artists to express their own "manner" or feelings in contrast to the symmetry and simplicity of the art of the High Renaissance. neo-classic period - ansrefers to the classical revival in European art, architecture, and interior design that lasted from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century french female pose - anssubject is lying down away from the artist and looking over her shoulder dada school - ansschool of nonsense and anti-art Giotto - ansFrescoe painter, founded flourentine school, realisitc poses Donatello - ansItalian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David. Da Vinci - anspainter, sculpter, architect, engineer, musician; invented the court painter of the king of France; "Mona Lisa," "The Last Supper"(classical), "Vitruvian Man"(anatomy) El Greco - ansMannerism painter Rembrandt - ansHe used light and shadows to convey moods and emotions-Painted the Blinding of Samson Peter Paul Rubens - ansFlemish Baroque painter who had assistants complete parts of his work Vermeer - ansA Dutch painter who used a great deal of light. He enjoyed painting people doing everyday things. Jean Fragonard - ansPainted "The Bathers" Delacroix - ansMost important of the French Romantic painters; profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists. Monet - ansFrench impressionist painter Renoir - ansFrench impressionist painter; nude female paintings Degas - ansFrench Painter, Impressionism, did horses and ballet dancers
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Verdi and Puccini - answrote operas New Orleans - ansPlace known for the earliest documented Jazz allegro - ansfast andante - ansslow presto - ansfast minuetto - ansa dance bel canto - ansbeautiful Italian singing Libretto - ansthe text of the opera madrigal - ansa capella singers oratorio - ansa musical composition for voices and orchestra sitar - ansa stringed guitar-like instrument from India ballet - ansA theatrical representation of a story performed to music by ballet dancers. Originally based on court dance Martha Graham - ansFamous ballet dancer, known as "the mother of dance" Serge Diaghilev - ansRussian critic who founded the Ballet Russe Pavane and the Polonaise - anscourt dances Alfred Hitchcock - answas an iconic and highly influential British filmmaker and producer, who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. Thomas Edison - anscreated the motion picture titled "The Kiss" D.W. Griffith - anscarried the motion picture into the new era with his silent epics (The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, etc.) which introduced serious plots and elaborate productions to filmmaking. Federico Fellini - ansItalian director that made films of fantasy and boroque style. "La Dolce Vita" Al Jolson - ansMade the first talking movie in 1927..The "Jazz Singer" Eisenstein - ansRussian film maker who pioneered the use of montage and is considered among the most influential film makers in the history of motion pictures Lillian Gish - ansUnited States film actress who appeared in films by D. W. Griffith (1896-
Penny Marshall - ansFemale Movie Director/Producer who motivated women to do film...Big, A League of Their Own, Jumping Jack Flash Issac Asimov - ansscience fiction writer Jane Austen - ansWrote Pride and Prejudice Bronte Sisters - answere English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Known as the Bell Brothers.."Wuthering Heights" Honore de Balzac - ansWrote "The Human Comedy" James Boswell - ansScottish author noted for his biography of Samuel Johnson Ray Bradbury - ansAmerican Science Fiction writer.."Fahrenheit 451" Mathew Brady - ansfamous photographer of the Civil War - brought the war to the people Pearl Buck - ansnovelist who won Nobel Peace prize, advanced humanitarian causes. "Americans in China" Cervantes - ansSpanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) Joseph Conrad - ansAuthor of Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim Stephen Crane - ansauthor of The Red Badge of Courage Simone De Beauvoir - ansFrench feminist who wrote the treatise titled " The Second Sex"
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Daniel Defoe - answrote Robinson Crusoe; known as the father of the English novel Charles Dickens - ansRealist novelist, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities. Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, The Pickwick Papers Alexander Dumas - answrote "The Three Musketeers" and "The Man in the Iron Mask" and The Count of Monte-Cristo Paul Lawrence Dunbar - ansAfrican American writer who wrote Oak and Ivy and about the lives of slavery William Faulkner - ansTwentieth-century novelist, used the stream-of-consciousness technique in his novel The Sound of Fury, whose intense drama is seen through the eyes of an idiot. F. Scott Fitzgerald - answriter of "This Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby" who coined the term "Jazz Age" Langston Hughes - ansAfrican American author of the Harlem Renaissance. Victor Hugo - answrote "Les Miserables" which criticized the French Revolution James Joyce - ansAn Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book based loosely on Odyssey Niccolo Machiavelli - ans(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means." Mary McCarthy - ansUnited States satirical novelist and literary critic (1912-1989) Herman Melville - answrote Billy Budd, Sailor; Moby Dick; classified as a Dark Romantic; American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet Pilgrim's Progress - ansstory of man, Christian, journey faces hobglobins/dragons Francois Rabelais - ansFormer monk. French humanist, wrote the comic masterpieces Gargantua and Pantagruel, stories contained gross humor. George Sand - ansFrench female author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women Richard Sheridan - ansWrote Rivals Edmund Spenser - ansauthor of Faerie Queene in Elizabethan era, one of the greatest moral epics in any language Jonathan Swift - ansPossibly the most famous English satirist and author of Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal, Swift (1667 - 1745) was a clergyman and Irishman, which often made hilarious impact in his writings (such as A Tale of a Tub and the aforementioned Modest Proposal). Leo Tolstoy - answrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; Russian writer, realistic fiction Mark Twain - ansPen name of the novelist and humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Wrote Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn Jules Verne - ans20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Around the World in Eighty Days. He is considered the Father of Science Fiction. Mary Wollstonecraft - ansAn English writer who wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women", arguing that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be so because of lack of education Mary Shelley - answrote "Frankenstein" which was a criticism of man controlling nature, "Gothic literature" Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft Samuel Beckett - ansWrote Waiting for Godot. The only scenery for the play was a cyclorama (a giant curtain onthe back of the stage) and a single tree with one branch and one leaf.
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louise nevelson - ansassembled architectural sculptures of "found" wooden objects and used them to construct screens of boxes of varied sizes which she painted in monochromatic colors. constantin brancusi - ans(1876) 19th-20th c. Romanian sculptor known for highly simplified archetypical human and animal forms (The Kiss; Bird in Space) cellini - ansgoldsmith and sculptor, wrote one of the first autobiographies barbara hepworth - ansBritish abstract sculptor michelangelo - ansItalian Renaissance artist that painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted the statue of David. henry moore - ansabstract sculptor who used rounding techniques and very little detail alexander calder - ansUnited States sculptor who first created mobiles and stabiles (1898-
hagia sophia - ansMost famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. Constructed of interlocking domes. gothic age architecture - ansstained glass, pointed arches and ribbed vaulting Andrea Palladio - ansarchitect who like a statue at every corner Le Corbusier - ansFrench 20th century architect Christopher Wren - ansarchitect refurbished St. Paul's Cathedral Mies van der Rohe - ansUnited States architect (born in Germany) who built unornamented steel frame and glass skyscrapers (1886-1969) Frank Lloyd Wright - ansConsidered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. flying buttress - ansa brace or support placed on the outside of a building fresco - anspaint onto wet plaster on a wall tempura - ansa technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk gouche - ansOpaque watercolor pieta - ansA painting, drawing, or sculpture of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, holding the dead body of Jesus. The word means "pity" in Italian. renaissance - ansrebirth mannerism - ansa style of art in the mid to late 16th century that permitted artists to express their own "manner" or feelings in contrast to the symmetry and simplicity of the art of the High Renaissance. neo-classic period - ansrefers to the classical revival in European art, architecture, and interior design that lasted from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century french female pose - anssubject is lying down away from the artist and looking over her shoulder dada school - ansschool of nonsense and anti-art Giotto - ansFrescoe painter, founded flourentine school, realisitc poses Donatello - ansItalian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David. Da Vinci - anspainter, sculpter, architect, engineer, musician; invented the court painter of the king of France; "Mona Lisa," "The Last Supper"(classical), "Vitruvian Man"(anatomy) El Greco - ansMannerism painter
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Rembrandt - ansHe used light and shadows to convey moods and emotions-Painted the Blinding of Samson Peter Paul Rubens - ansFlemish Baroque painter who had assistants complete parts of his work Vermeer - ansA Dutch painter who used a great deal of light. He enjoyed painting people doing everyday things. Jean Fragonard - ansPainted "The Bathers" Delacroix - ansMost important of the French Romantic painters; profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists. Monet - ansFrench impressionist painter Renoir - ansFrench impressionist painter; nude female paintings Degas - ansFrench Painter, Impressionism, did horses and ballet dancers Seurat - ansFrench Painter, Post impressionism, pointellism (using several small dots of color to create a larger image)Sunday Afternoon on the island of La Grande Jatte Aubrey Beardsley - ansFamous for black and white erotic paintings Gilbert Stuart - ansUnited States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington Picasso - ansA Spanish painter best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work. "Guernica" Remington - ansprotrayed the west by painting cowhands and natives Salvador Dali - ansSpanish surrealist painter Joan Miro - ansSpanish surrealist painter Andrew Wyeth - ansAmerican realist painter, "Christina's World" Persian Rugs - anshigh quality rugs made by Persian Muslims, valued for their exquisite designs, vivid colors and skillful make. These rugs were in great demand from China to Europe, greatly improving the Abbasid's economy. American Indian Rugs - ansRepititions of geometric lines Brussels tapestries - ansBeuatiful with ornate borders Bayeux tapestry - ansA tapestry that recounts the battle of hastings, A piece of linen about 1 Ft.8 in. Wide by 213 ft.long covered with embroidery representing the incidents of Willam the conqueror's expedition to England. reliquary - ansa wooden box where religious relics are stored or displayed Josiah Wedgewood - ansAn English maker of pottery and china, he developed mass production of quality porcelain. Signature blue or pink with cameo inset. chalice - ansdecorative drinking cup or goblet Beethoven & Wagner - ansTook inspiration from Schiller's "Ode to Joy" Hector Berlioz - ansComposed "Symphonie Fantastique" Johannes Brahms - ansGerman composer who developed the Romantic style of both lyrical and classical music Chopin - ansFrench composer (born in Poland) and pianist of the romantic school. Known as the "poet of the piano" Aaron Copeland - ansWrote "Appalachian Spring" Henry Dixon Cowell - ans20th Century American composer Claude Debussy - ansFamous French impressionist composer Stephen Foster - ansMade a valuable contribution to American folk music by capturing the plaintive spirit of the slaves. "Camptown Races" Gilbert and Sullivan - ansBritish team writing light-hearted song/story format; Opereta
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Bronte Sisters - answere English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Known as the Bell Brothers.."Wuthering Heights" Honore de Balzac - ansWrote "The Human Comedy" James Boswell - ansScottish author noted for his biography of Samuel Johnson Ray Bradbury - ansAmerican Science Fiction writer.."Fahrenheit 451" Mathew Brady - ansfamous photographer of the Civil War - brought the war to the people Pearl Buck - ansnovelist who won Nobel Peace prize, advanced humanitarian causes. "Americans in China" Cervantes - ansSpanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) Joseph Conrad - ansAuthor of Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim Stephen Crane - ansauthor of The Red Badge of Courage Simone De Beauvoir - ansFrench feminist who wrote the treatise titled " The Second Sex" Daniel Defoe - answrote Robinson Crusoe; known as the father of the English novel Charles Dickens - ansRealist novelist, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities. Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, The Pickwick Papers Alexander Dumas - answrote "The Three Musketeers" and "The Man in the Iron Mask" and The Count of Monte-Cristo Paul Lawrence Dunbar - ansAfrican American writer who wrote Oak and Ivy and about the lives of slavery William Faulkner - ansTwentieth-century novelist, used the stream-of-consciousness technique in his novel The Sound of Fury, whose intense drama is seen through the eyes of an idiot. F. Scott Fitzgerald - answriter of "This Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby" who coined the term "Jazz Age" Langston Hughes - ansAfrican American author of the Harlem Renaissance. Victor Hugo - answrote "Les Miserables" which criticized the French Revolution James Joyce - ansAn Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book based loosely on Odyssey Niccolo Machiavelli - ans(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means." Mary McCarthy - ansUnited States satirical novelist and literary critic (1912-1989) Herman Melville - answrote Billy Budd, Sailor; Moby Dick; classified as a Dark Romantic; American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet Pilgrim's Progress - ansstory of man, Christian, journey faces hobglobins/dragons Francois Rabelais - ansFormer monk. French humanist, wrote the comic masterpieces Gargantua and Pantagruel, stories contained gross humor. George Sand - ansFrench female author of more than eighty novels who took a man's name and dressed in male attire to protest the treatment of women Richard Sheridan - ansWrote Rivals Edmund Spenser - ansauthor of Faerie Queene in Elizabethan era, one of the greatest moral epics in any language Jonathan Swift - ansPossibly the most famous English satirist and author of Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal, Swift (1667 - 1745) was a clergyman and Irishman, which often made hilarious impact in his writings (such as A Tale of a Tub and the aforementioned Modest Proposal).
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Leo Tolstoy - answrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; Russian writer, realistic fiction Mark Twain - ansPen name of the novelist and humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Wrote Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn Jules Verne - ans20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Around the World in Eighty Days. He is considered the Father of Science Fiction. Mary Wollstonecraft - ansAn English writer who wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women", arguing that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be so because of lack of education Mary Shelley - answrote "Frankenstein" which was a criticism of man controlling nature, "Gothic literature" Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft Samuel Beckett - ansWrote Waiting for Godot. The only scenery for the play was a cyclorama (a giant curtain onthe back of the stage) and a single tree with one branch and one leaf. Lorraine Hansberry - ansWrote the play "A Raisin in the Sun" about a working-class African American family struggling against poverty and racism. T.S. Eliot - ansAmerican who became a British citizen; won the Nobel Peace prize in literature; wrote poetry and drama. "Murder in the Cathedral". Henrik Ibsen - ansNorwegian Playwright who carried realism into the dramatic presentation of domesticlife. Wrote "A Doll's House" Arthur Miller - ansAmerican Playwright: The Crucible; Death of a Salesman; All My Sons Eugene O'Neil - anslong days journey into night, the iceman center, ah wilderness, desire under the elms, mourning become electric William Shakespeare - ansGreatest playwright of all time; wrote MacBeth, King Lear, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet; introduced new words to the English language. Histories, tragedies, comedies aside - ansa line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage flat - ansscenery consisting of a wooden frame covered with painted canvas Noh Theatre - ansa classic form of Japanese drama involving heroic themes, a chorus, and dance scrim - ansa curtain or drop made of gauzelike fabric. when lighted from the front it is opaque but is transparent if lighted from the back soliloquy - ansin drama, a character speaks alone on stage to allow his/her thoughts and ideas to be conveyed to the audience tragic figure - anscharacter who comes to a bad end as a result of own behavior or character flaw Hamlet - ansthe hero of William Shakespeare's tragedy who hoped to avenge the murder of his father King Lear - ansthe hero of William Shakespeare's tragedy who was betrayed and mistreated by two of his scheming daughters Macbeth - ansone of Duncan's generals; wants to become King of Scotland; murders Duncan and slays anyone in the way of his kingship Merchant of Venice - ansBessanio along with others are courting a girl, they have to pick a certain box, Bessanio picks the right one and is allowed to marry her Merry Wives of Windsor - ansFaulstaf wants sends identical love letters to two women, they are friends and read them together, they want to get him back so they trick him, their
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criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. Paleolithic - ansthe "old" stone age, during which humankind produced the first sculptures and paintings Neolithic - ansthe last phase of the Stone Age, marked by the domestication of animals, the development of agriculture, and the manufacture of pottery Classical Period - ansThe works of ancient Greece and Rome; Homer, Sophocles, and Aeschylus. Major philosophers included Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Aristotle's Poetics described the art of tragedy; Socrates set down the foundation for a humanist philosophy later expanded upon during the Enlightenment. korai - ansclothed upright statues of women, often of goddesses (generally the Archaic period) Kouroi - ansfree-standing statues of nude male youths Doric - ansa plain, sturdy column with a plain capital Ionic - ansa taller, thinner column with scroll shapes on its capital Corinthian - ansthe most slender and ornate of the three Greek columns. Known for its decorative capital of delicately carved acanthus leaves. Tragic Playwrights - ansEuripidedes, Aeschylus, and Sophodes Historians - ansThucydides and Herodotus Moral Philosophers - ansPlato and Aristotle Hellenistic Period - ansthat culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms Roman Basilica - ansThe basis for early Christian architecture; , created in the period of recognition, it had a dome shape at both ends similar to an apse, it had libaries, and it's official meaning was a meeting place in which the romans would meet to discuss things Augustine Age - ansparalleled the age of roman literature under augustus followed the greeks Trompe l'oeil - ansFrench for "fool the eye." A two-dimensional representation that is so naturalistic that it looks actual or real (or three-dimensional). Medieval Architecture - ansMovement in Church design towards theme of "Christ, the Light of the World", Gothic structure (reflected God's transcendence, power, and beauty). Built higher, allowed large stain glass windows. Served as visual catechism for those living during the middle ages. Byzantine Style - ansNoted for its rich use of ornamental domes, colorful mosaics, and lavish decorations Church of San Vitale - anschurch in Ravenna, Italy built by Justinian. Known for color, mosaics, and gold. Romanesque Style - ansarchitectural style of medieval Europe, characterized by semi-circular arches, massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, decorative arcading. Crossed England from France. Hagia Sophia - ansMost famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. Celtic Art - ansart produced from c. 450 BC to c. 700 AD by the Celts; mostly portable objects; Stone carvings, Crosses with interlace patterns, metal work, manuscripts
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Book of Durrow - ansthe oldest surviving complete illuminated gospel book in the insular style; probably created between 650-700 in Northumbria (northern England/southern Scotland) Lindisfarne Gospel - ans698-721. hiberno-saxon. mix of christian imagery & northern animal interlace style. classical style: curtain Book of Kells - ansis an illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables. Cimabue - ansOne of first artists to break away from Italio-Byzantine style, Giotto's teacher, Duccio's 'Virgin in Majesty' - ans Giotto - ansFlorentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style, Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style Simone Martini - ansPainted "Annunciation", Annunciation, Siena Cathedral, Italy, international gothic, (Early 14th) Renaissance Art - ansart which shows figures both religious or non-religious, more realistic, emphasis on nature, three dimensional with perspective, people are active and show great emotion High Renaissance Painters - ans1.Michelangelo 2.Leonardo de Vinci 3.Raphael Leonardo da Vinci - ansItalian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). Michelangelo - ansAn Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time. Raphael - ansstudent of michelangelo, made the school of athens, and the madonna and child series. used pudgeyness to show that people aren't as perfect as they thought. Baroque art - ansPart of the Counter Reformation. Displayed a religious theme, red and gold color scheme, dark (sinner) vs. light (saint), and was intensely dramatic. Early Baroque art was dominated by Spain. Bernini - ans- Foremost architect of Baroque
- Ecstasy of St. Theresa, David, Apollo and Daphne, Aeneas Versailles - ansPalace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. Exp. of Baroque style in France Neoclassicism - ansAn imitation of the style identified with the art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. Usually associated with European art and literature from the mid-1600s through the eighteenth century. Rococo - ansfanciful but graceful asymmetric ornamentation in art and architecture that originated in France in the 18th century Brunelleschi - ansFlorentine genius of the early Renaissance built the dome of Florence Cathedral, the Pazzi Chapel, and was instrumental in developing geometrical perspective in painting
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Dimeter - anstwo-foot line Trimeter - ansthree-foot line Tetrameter - ansfour-foot line Pentameter - ansfive-foot line Hexameter - anssix-foot line Heptameter - ansseven-foot line Octometer - anseight-foot line Meter - ansThe repeating pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables established in a line of poetry Foot - ansOne unit of meter in poetry What does the symbol ' mean in poetry? - ansA long syllable What does the symbol U mean in poetry? - ansA short syllable Rhymed Verse - ansPoetry that rhymes at the end of lines Blank Verse - ansPoetry written in iambic pentameter without end rhyme Free Verse - ansConsists of lines that do not have regular meter or rhyme What is the Rhyme Scheme? - ansIt is assigning lines that have the same rhyme at the end, a matching letter. Zeus/Jupiter - ansGod of rain, clouds, thunderbolts. Hera/Juno - ansGod of Marriage Poseidon/Neptune - ansGod of the sea Hades/Pluto - ansGod of the underworld, and wealth Apollo - ansGod of sun, light, truth, healing Aphrodite/Venus - ansGod of love and beauty Athena/Minerva - ansGod of Wisdom Ares/Mars - ansGod of War Artemis/Diana - ansGod of Wildlife The Muses - ansGods of Inspiration for literature, Science, and the arts Hermes/Mercury - ansGod of Commerce, The messenger of Zeus Dionysus/Bacchus - ansGod of Wine and Theatre The Iliad - ansStory of a Great battle between Greece and Troy Greek Corinthian - ansWhat type of Column is shown? (Decorated with flowers) Greek Doric - ansWhat type of column is shown? (Simple, plain shaft) Greek Ionic - ansWhat type of column is shown? (Scrolls, taller) The Parthenon - ansWhat building is shown? (Built in Athens around 450BC) The Panthenon - ansWhat building is shown? (Built in Rome) Post and Lintel - ansLion's Gate at Mycenae was constructed with the _______ ____ ________ system, or a large stone horizontal beam resting on two vertical ones. IM Pei - ansWho is the architect of this building? (Uses glass walls, abstract, etc.) Hagia Sophia - ansAn example of Byzantine architecture, name this church. John Roebling - ansWho designed the Brooklyn bridge? Flying buttresses - ansExternal support for the walls of Gothic buildings was provided by what? Guggenheim Museum - ansFrank Lloyd Wright designed what? Usonian - ansFrank Lloyd Wright developed the ___________ housing design, a take-off on his earlier prairie houses, in response to the vast demand for low income housing. Chartres Cathedral - ansWhat building is pictured?
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Andrea Palladio - ansBorn in 1508, ______________ was greatly influenced by Renaissance philosophers and artists, and was made architectural advisor to the Vatican in 1570. His great architectural works include Villa Foscari, Teatro Olimpico, and Palazzo Chiericati, all in Italy. Christopher Wren - ansLondon's Great Fire of 1666 led to ___________'s appointment as Surveyor General, overseeing all the reconstruction work on the royal palaces. Barcelona Pavilion - ansLudwig Mies van der Rohe designed the ____________ __________ in Spain. Antonio Gaudi - ansLeader of the Spanish Art Nouveau movement, _____________ designed Casa Mila and Casa Batllo in Barcelona. Cerros - ansThe Mayans built their first temple in ____________. The Pigeon House - ansDesigned by Mayans, this was once a temple, next to the Pyramid of Sacrifice. Located at Uxmal, it was used for sacrificial ceremonies as late as 1673. Obelisk - ansA tall, four-sided shaft of stone that rises to a pointed pyramidal top. Transcendentalism - ansany system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material Popular Transcendentalists - ans- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- Henry David Thoreau Humanism - ansA term that was originally coined during the Renaissance, it was a belief that man was the center of the universe. Humanism in general is a philosophy that centers around the capabilities of man. Neoplatonism - ansIs the last accepted pagan philosophy and was founded by Plotinus around 300 AD and based around the ideas of Plato. Disregarding the idea of separate, opposite realms of being (such as good and evil), Plotinus instead mapped out a logical order to life beginning with The One, who provides the minds of every individual. Then there is the World Soul, connecting the intellectual with the material world of Earth. The dead were then thought to be reabsorbed into The One, and the process repeated (although not through reincarnation). Existentialism - ansfocuses on the direct relationship between the individual and the universe and/or God. Well-known existentialists include Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre, with Søren Kierkegaard largely regarded as the father of this philosophical movement. According to Sartre, the only true self-proclaimed existentialist in the group, there is no God and no absolute moral necessities of mankind—man is free to live his own life as he sees fit. Kierkegaard regarded this freedom as cause of many sleepless nights, for he did not trust mankind to behave properly if this belief were to overtake the masses. Martin Heidegger - ansWrote "Being and Time". nfluenced by the work of Edmund Husserl and considered a founding father of existentialism, Heidegger ultimately rejected both associations. Instead, he focused simply on "being" and examining human moods and experiences. Heidegger's work led the way for the modern study of hermeneutics. Hans-Georg Gadamer - ans- student of Martin Heidegger
- wrote "Truth and Method"
- considered to be the father of Hermeneutics
- Gadamer largely argued that it is impossible to be unbiased in anything, and even historical accounts are forever biased by our own experiences. As factual as a historical summary may be, the way we interpret it is still to compare with our own life experiences, which are not the same experiences shared by those who experienced the historical events firsthand.
Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
Georg W. F. Hegel - ans- published Phenomenology of Mind in 1807 and Philosophy of Right in 1821
- According to the Hegelian dialectic, one thought (i.e. being) invariably leads to a thought of its antithesis (not being), and the two must come together to form an entirely new thought (becoming). This work affirmed logic—-specifically, the logic of language—-as the foundation of the world. Immanuel Kant - ans- German metaphysician
- began his string of successful philosophical publications with Critique of Pure Reason in
- Kant believed that reality extended only so far as an individual's personal degree of "knowing," and it is impossible to "know" things that one cannot experience firsthand. Therefore, intangibles such as God, freedom, and immortality cannot be known or proven. After publishing Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, he was ordered by the government to refrain from future writings on the topic of religion. Jean Jacques Rousseau - ansRousseau caused considerable conflict over the years with his open expectation of the impending fall of humanity. He believed that humanity was inherently good, but once corrupted by civilization, there was no turning back. Rene Descartes - ans- penned the famous phrase "I think, therefore I am."
- Perhaps better known for his contributions to geometry than philosophy (the Cartesian plane is named after him), Descartes is actually considered the founder of modern rationalism. John Locke - ans- wrote Two Treatises on Government
- also published An Essay Concerning Human Understanding to outline the principles of empiricism. Thomas Hobbes - ans- wrote Leviathan, and believed that human life on its own was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
- argued for a strong, even brutal government in order to keep humanity from becoming savages. Epicureans - ans- are a sect of hedonism (Pursuit of or devotion to pleasure) that believes that pleasure of the mind, not just the senses, is the ultimate good.
- Thoroughly defended by Ancient Greek philosophers, the base of this belief system is that the goal of every action should be increased, long-term pleasure. Aristotle - ans- was Alexander the Great's tutor and a student of Plato
- He disagreed with Plato that form and matter could be perceived as two separate things, and wrote such works as Rhetoric, Poetics, and Metaphysics. Cynics - ans- were a radically unconventional group formed by Antisthenes in Greece in 400 A.D.
- This group considered virtue to be the only, not just the highest, good. They were largely self-sufficient, celibate (abstaining from sexual intercourse), and ascetic (renouncing material comforts and leading a life of austere self-discipline). Stoicism - ansStoics believed that restraining emotion is the key to happiness. The majority of their beliefs are similar to the Cynics. Plato - ans- Ancient Greek philosopher
- wrote Republic and Symposium Plato is credited with being the most influential force on Western philosophy of all time. He taught the likes of Aristotle, and expressed his philosophical beliefs largely through fictional dialogues.
Updated Exam Study Guide 2025/
Socrates - ans- Plato's teacher
- declared that the gods had named him the wisest of all humanity, because he was the only one who knew how little he knew.
- he was later condemned to death by drinking poison hemlock by fellow Athenians for his alleged atheism. Pablo Picasso - ans- one of the first to use cubism
- painted "The Old Guitar Player" (1905)
- predominantly painted in blue tones Claude Monet - ans- French landscape painter
- artist of "Dusk" (1908)
- considered to be one of the founders of impressionism Vincent van Gogh - ans- artist of "The Starry Night" (1889)
- also painted "Sunflowers" and "Night Cafe" Salvador Dali - ans- artist of "Clock Explosion", "Persistence of Memory", "The Elephants", and "The Meditative Rose"
- painted very precise, and nightmarish scenes Georgia O'Keefe - ans- artist of "Jack in the Pulpit IV" (1930), "Petunia" (1925), "Cow's Skull, Red, White, and Blue" (1931), and "Red Amaryllis" (1937)
- Realistic nature images with strong, vibrant colors identify the works of O'Keeffe Art Deco Movement - ansPopular in the 1920s and 30s, art deco work contains geometric three-dimensional forms and curvy surfaces. Subjects are typically men and women from high society jazz age. Abstraction - ansInstead of dealing with recognizable imagery, abstract art focuses on colors and form. Eugene Delacroix - ans- artist of "Liberty Leading People" (1831) and "The Massacre of Chios" (1824).
- Known for his dramatic imagery Romanticism Movement - ans- famous artists: Jean-Francois Millet, Eugene Delacroix, J.M.W. Turner, and William Blake
- Covering the late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries, the works of this period stressed the inherent goodness in humanity and shied away from earlier emphasis on reason in art. Henri Matisse - ans- artist of "Purple Robe" (1937), "The Blue Nude" (1907), "The Piano Lesson" (1916), and "The Moorish Screen" (1921)
- Known for his bold colors and thick, vibrant brushstrokes
- pioneer in the modernist movement Fauvism - ans- famous artists: Henri Matisse, Raoul Dufy, and Andre Derain
- Lasting for three short years (1905-1908), fauvism served as the foundation for much of subsequent twentieth-century art. Its work was full of vibrant colors and boldly distorted figures. Baroque Period - ansA style characteristic of seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe, subjects of portraits expanded beyond religious figures to nature and ordinary individuals. Many paintings incorporated long hallways and views through windows or doorways. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn - ans- artist of Return of the Prodigal Son (1636), Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp (1632), Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer (1653), and The Night Watch.
- Showed a particular interest in painting the poor and downtrodden
