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Human Information Processing
Information Processing An information system that accepts inputs from the external world and produces responses directed out to the external world as shown in the following figure.
Human Information Processing (HIP) What exactly is human information processing? Information Processing is the change in a state of information. It allows us to split information down into steps which can be easily read and understood by the human brain. It allows people to store, retrieve and use information with ease. There are four steps to how information is collected and used:
- Absorb the information )بتاستيعبة الوعلىه(
- Analyse the information )تحليل الوعلىهبت(
- Use the information )استخذم الوعلىهبت(
- Do something with the information )افعل شيئًب ببلوعلىهبت( The Model Human Information Processor An important concept from cognitive psychology is the model human processor (MHIP). This describes the cognitive process that people go through between perception and action. It is important to the study of HCI because cognitive processing can have a significant effect on performance, including task
Inputs Outputs
completion time, number of errors, and ease of use. This model was based on the human information processing model.
The model human processor consists of three interacting systems. Each has its own memory and processor.
Human Information Processing
1.Perceptual processor (Lecture#2)
_ Outputs into audio storage
_ Outputs into visual storage
2.Cognitive processor
_ Outputs into working memory.
_ Has access to:
o Working memory
o Long term memory
3.Motor processor
_ Carries out actions
2.Cognition
Cognition is the processing of information from the world around us. It ncludes perception, attention, pattern matching, memory, language processing, decision making, and problem solving. Cognitive load is the amount of mental resources needed to perform a given task.
All user interfaces make cognitive demands on users. Users must master special rules of system use, learn new concepts, and retain information in short- term memory. They must create and refine a mental model of how the system works and how they should use it. Systems that use purely auditory interfaces further challenge human memory and attention because they present information serially and non-persistently.
HUMAN MEMORY
It is generally agreed that there are three types of memory or memory function: sensory buffers , short-term memory or working memory , and long-term memory. There is some disagreement as to whether these are three separate systems or different functions of the same system.
A. Sensory memory The sensory memories act as buffers for stimuli received through each of the senses : iconic memory for vision , echoic memory for sounds and haptic memory for touch. These memories are constantly overwritten by new information coming in on these channels. Information is passed from the sensory memory into short-term memory by attention, filtering the stimuli to those that are at that moment of interest (arousal, or shift of attention).
B. Short-term memory STM is used to store information which is only required fleetingly. STM can be accessed rapidly , however, also decays rapidly. It has a limited capacity. Miller stated the 7+/-2 rule, which means that humans can store 5-9 chunks of information. Chunks can be single items or groups of items, like 2 digits of a telephone number grouped together. Patterns can be useful as aids to memory.
C. Long-term memory LTM differs from STM in various ways. It has an unlimited capacity , a slow access time and forgetting occurs more slowly or not at all. Information is stored here from the STM through rehearsal. There are 2 types of LTM: episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory represents our memory of event and experiences in a serial form. Semantic memory is a structured record of facts, concepts and skills that we have acquired, derived from the episodic memory. There are 3 main activities related to LTM: storage of information , forgetting and information retrieval.
Thinking: reasoning and problem solving Thinking can require different amounts of knowledge. Some thinking activities are very directed and the knowledge required is constrained. Others require vast amounts of knowledge from different domains. Thinking can be divided in reasoning and problem solving.
Reasoning Reasoning is the process by which we use the knowledge we have to draw conclusions or infer something new about the domain of interest.
Problem solving Problem solving is the process of finding a solution to an unfamiliar taste, using (adapting) the knowledge we have.
3. Motor processor (Movement)
Before leaving this section on the human’s input–output channels, we need toconsider motor control and how the way we move affects our interaction with computers. A simple action such as hitting a button in response to a question involves a number of processing stages. The stimulus (of the question) is received through the sensory receptors and transmitted to the brain. The question is processed and a valid response generated. The brain then tells the appropriate muscles to respond. Each of these stages takes time, which can be roughly divided into reaction time and movement time.
- Time taken to respond to stimulus:
Reaction time + movement time
