Human Classification - International Baccalaureate Biology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Biology

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Human Classification

• Animal Kingdom
• Cordata Phylum
• Mammal Class
• Primate Order
• Hominoid Family
• Homo Genus
• sapiens species

Primate Order characteristics:

• ______________

_________

• ______________

____________

• ______________

___________

• _____________
• ______________

___________

In 1978 in Laetoli, Kenya, a research team

led by British paleoanthropologist

---

---

_______________________________. Two early humans of the species

____________________________ left the

footprints as they walked across the African savanna.

John Reader/Photo Researchers, Inc.

"Footprints From the Past," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

“Great Apes”= ________________________

(Family Pongidae)

Differences…

• ___________________________ and taller and more ________________.
• The spike connection to the skull becomes more ____________________________.
• _______________ changes to support organs in ____________.
• Pelvis shorter and broader to attach walking muscles.
• Legs become _______________ while arms become _______________________.
• ___________can now be fully straightened.
• Foot forms more of ______________________ without opposable toe.

About

__________________________________________,

making them our closest relatives of the primates

•Humans, like apes, care for their young for a

long time. __________________________.

•Humans show more physical similarities with

young apes than mature ones, so we may be

neotenous –

---

.

•Humans and apes have dexterous hands and

similar hips and muscles.

•Fossils have been found of

_________________________ in the

evolution of humans from apes.

Human Ancestors

___________________________

3 - 3.9 million years long-lived species that may have given rise to the several lineages of early human that appeared in both eastern and southern Africa

• 300 individuals
• _____________-due to hip and

knee joints

• Ape-like face (brain size chimp

like – 400cc)

Walking upright: Bipedalism

_____________________________

• 3.3 to 2.5 million years ago
• Raymond Dart named the genus and species in 1925 after his discovery of the famous Taung child
• more globular cranium and slightly higher ratio of brain size to body size.
• flatter face, larger molars for plant based diet
• some researchers now believe that facial features link A. africanus to the "robust" early human species of southern Africa, Paranthropus robustus.

Bipedalism - had to adapt to living on the ground and

be able to look for food over longer distances.

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The increase in brain size allowed the production of

tools. This allowed us to hunt larger animals for meat,

___________________________________________.

____________________________.

We learned to limit the environment's influence (e.g.

clothing, fire and housing).

This comes at the cost of a longer development period

and ______________________________.

_________________________

1.6 - 2.4 million years

smaller teeth and jaw for meatier diet

Homo habilis , ______________ is so called

because of the wealth of tools that have been

found with its fossils.

The average H. habilis brain was considerably

larger than the average Australopithecus

brain.

The brain shape is also more humanlike.

The bulge of

_______________________________,

indicating that the species may have been

capable of rudimentary speech.

_______________________

• .4 - 1.8 million years
• more complex tools so meat significant part of diet and changed teeth.
• characterized by large molars, an unpronounced chin, heavy brow ridges, and a long, low skull, relative to modern Homo sapiens.
• The skeleton of H. erectus was heavier, or "more robust," than the average modern human skeleton.
• Body proportions vary greatly from individual to individual.
• ________________ was tall and slender, like modern humans from the same area, while the few limb bones found of ________________ indicate a shorter, sturdier build.