Skeletal System: Bones, Cartilage, and Joints - Anatomy and Physiology, Study notes of Biomechanics

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

BONE

CARTILAGE

Dr. Gitanjali Khorwal

Cartilage

In Developing Embryo More prevalent than in adult Skeleton initially mostly cartilage Bone replaces cartilage in fetal and childhood periods.

Types of cartilage

1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage

Bones

• Support
• Movement: muscles attach by tendons and

use bones as levers to move body

• Protection
• Mineral storage
• Blood cell formation and energy storage
  • Bone marrow: red makes blood, yellow stores fat

Gross anatomy of bones

JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO

Range and type of movement they permit.

Immovable joints (SYNARTHROSIS) Slightly movable joints (AMPHIARTHROSIS) Movable joints (DIARTHROSIS)

Anatomical structure

Fibrous joints,

Cartilaginous joints,

Synovial joints.

Functions:

• Permit movement
• Growth
• Molding during childbirth
• Concerned with differential growth
• Transmission of forces

Movements

 Flexion

 Extension

 Adduction

 Abduction

 Circumduction

 Rotation

SYNARTHROSES / FIBROUS JOINTS

 Bones connected by fibrous tissue: dense regular connective tissue  No joint cavity  Slightly movable or immovable BONE — fibrous connective tissue — BONE

SYNDESMOSIS

GOMPHOSIS

• Simple apposition of contiguous surfaces,
• usually rough and reciprocally irregular, Examples
• sutures between the palatine bones,
• between the maxillae and at the palatomaxillary sutures.

TYPES OF SUTURES

PLANE SUTURE

Denticulate Suture

Has small tooth like projections, often widening towards their ends to provide effective interlocking. When united by sutural ligament and periosteum, such sutures are almost completely immobile The lambdoid suture is a denticulate suture.