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HIV / AIDS
Transmission
:
by sexually
transmitted disease
STDs )
°
About 15%
by
blood.
by
Mother to
fetus
.
(
~ 30%
of
infants
born to (^) HIV -
mothers
may get
the
infection
)
Courage
:
klindwenl
virus enters^ the^
body
.
it (^) is multiplied
in the
body
cell ,
but it^ cannot be detected
easily
.
capsid antigen p
(^24) can be^ detected (^) in blood .
sewp-osies.ge
antibodies
are seen in circulation
This is (^) sew
positivity
.
°
During
this period . person
in normal^
but
a carrier^ .
- About (^) 10% y seropositive
individual
progress
to 3rd^
stage
within 5
years
.
yos
.
yos
( if
not treated^
)
AlDem
Third
stage
in when the clinical
manifestations
start (^).
By
this time^ ,
immune
system
Ii
- Commensal (^) microbes 19
- (^) Patients
die within 2
years after^
3rd
stage
.
infections by
Fungi
: Candida^ &
Cryptococcus
Virus (^) :
Cytomegalovirus
&
Herpes (^) simplex
Parasites :
Pneumocystis
carinii
Bacteria :
Mycobacterium
& Salmonella
associated
with AIDS an
Kaposi
sarcoma and
NHL ( non
Hodgkin
's
lymphoma
)
Cognitive impairment^
due to
meningitis
. Neuropathies
and
Neuropsychiatric manifestations
.
Cli anifestakons
:
o
lymphadenopathy
and Fever
may
be seen
by
end
of
2nd
stage
.
symptoms
( Ars) are
wide.
. Since^
immunity
in (^) Hi ,
non -
pathogenic (^) microorganisms
enter
into
the
body
and
produce
lesions in skin
,
GIT (^). lungs
. Urinary
tract
.
brain etc^.
& Tuberculosis are predominant
in AIDS^ in India^.
Laboratory
Analysis
:
cis
by
ELISA
test
.
ciii tales
)
(
iii , T -
helper
count (
L 300 Camm
Normal -^400 cumin (^) )
(
Ivi
p
(^24) A
cut RTPCK (
real time PCR)^ - To detect (^) Hiv
particles
in blood .
Value I^5000
copies
1mL of
blood in^
good prognosis
.
I lakh^ 1mi (^) g
blood in bad^
prognosis
.
His HAT (
Nucleic
acid
testing
)
I,
Involves
amplification
and
detection
of
one or (^) more
specific
target sequences
located in
specific
Hiv
genes
.
o Detection
limit
= 200 to^400
copies
1mL
.
Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus
:
structure :
cis Hiv
belongs
to (^) the retrovirus
groups
. RNA
containing
viruses that
replicate
with the
help
of
reverse
transcriptase
( RT) or^ RMA
dependent
DNA
polymerase
.
iii, Virus^ has^
a
cylindrical
core ,
containing
two
copies
of
ss (^) RNA.
ciii ,^ Protein
components
are
named
after
its molecular
wt .
civl Core contains^ Reverse
transcriptase
( p
66 &
p
55 ) ,
endonuclease
( p
32 )
Nucleocapsid (^
pg
protease
( p
lo )
Major capsid
Antigen
( pm )
copies
.
Outer (^) shell -
Myn
's to^
ligated
Protein
(P
(^17) )
[
About
pies
D
p
24
]
Virus
Entry
:
l "^ The
binding
of
Hiv with
target
cell in^
through
a
receptor
mechanism
ciii The
gp
120
of
vines
envelope
with
specifically
bind with (^) CD
molecule on (^) the
surface of
target
cell. CD4 acts^ as a
receptor
for
tins.
(
iii , The^ CD molecules (^) are
present
on
surface
of
T
helper
cells &
therefore helper^
cells receive the maximum (^) attack
of
Hiv.
(
im HIV^ uses (^) CD4 and (^) chemokines as
entering
receptors
.
[
Replicating
de
]
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( is Reverse transcriptase
RT )
inhibitors :
( is AZT
di
deoxy thymidine
, azidothymidine ,
Zidovudine )
Iiis dd^ I (
di
deoxy
inosine ,
didanosine
, Zidan (^) cosine )
(
iii
, ddc^
(
di
deoxy
cytidine (^) ,
Zalcitabine
( in da > (
stane dine )
1 × 1 37C
Lami vaccine
( V Abacaxir
ciis
Integrase
Inhibitors : iii
Raltegraxir
iiis
Ehiitegraneir
ciiii Dolutegravir
(
Iii, Protease (^) Inhibitors : ci , Iopinaneir
ciis Indinaniir
(
Iii , Nel
finaneir
(
in
Ampnnaneir
a) Ritonaneir
( v1) Darunaniir & Atazanayir ( first
line
choice )
(
in
Entry
Inhibitors (^) : Manami me
&
Enfuiirtide
.
Prevention
:
- Since there^ in no cure for
AIDS ,
and vaccines
are
not
present
,
public
awareness
& education are
only
means to limit.
protections
.
Using disposable
syringes
.
Boiling for^
to (^) mins will inactivate^ the^ virus.
C
