History - Statistics and Measurement in Physical Education - Lecture Slides, Slides of Statistics

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Ancient Greece

Claudius Galen (A.D. 130-200)

• Studied the relationship between

health and exercise

• Determined what types of exercise

would impart physical changes.

Renaissance

Hieronymous Mercurialis (1530-1606)

• Rebirth of Greek ideals

• Published De Arte Gymnastica

• Preventive and therapeutic

exercises

Hitchcock

• Medical Degree

• First physical educator to receive

professorial status

• Developed system of anthropometrics:

measurement of man. Used

measurements to chart student progress.

Dr. Dudley A. Sargent (1849-1924)

• In 1879 hired as Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Director of Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard University
• Developed over 90 patents for exercise machines.
• Used individual exercises based on anthropometrics.

Norms (cont.)

• Norms can be used to create standards or expectations of performance.
• Norms can then be used to make realistic standards for students to meet.

20 th^ Century

• Testing in physical education expanded to a number of attributes other than anthropometrics.

Physical Fitness Testing

• Military preparedness in WWI and WWII
• Tests were utilized to determine physical eligibility of draftees.
• Kraus-Weber Test: American school aged students were compared to Europeans in
• 60% of American students failed; 9% of European students failed

Fitness (cont.)

• Kraus-Weber test results prompted President Eisenhower in 1956 to establish the President’s Council on Youth Fitness
• A national physical fitness test was developed

Test

A test is an instrument used to gain

information about individuals or

objects.

Measurement

Measurement is the procedures used to

collect information.

Evaluation

Evaluation is the process of determining

the value or worth of collected data.

Summary

A test is an instrument used to gain information, e.g., a scale; measurement is a procedure for collecting the information, e.g., student will step on scale and numerical weight is recorded; and evaluation is a process of determining the value or worth of the information, e.g., what does the student’s weight mean.