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HESI A2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
"Blood travels through the heart - CORRECT ANSWER body, superior vena cava, right
atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, B/L pulmonary arteries, lungs, (oxygenated now) pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valves, ascending aorta, systemic circulation"
"pericardial cavity - CORRECT ANSWER contains the heart, filled with serous fluid made by
pericardium (lining of pericardial cavity)"
"3 layers of the heart - CORRECT ANSWER epicardium, myocardium, endocardium"
"epicardium - CORRECT ANSWER outermost layer of the heart, connective tissue"
"Myocardium - CORRECT ANSWER muscular, middle layer of the heart. Performs pumping
function, made of cardiac muscular tissue"
"endocardium - CORRECT ANSWER Inner layer of the heart, smooth, keeps blood from
sticking"
"4 chambers of the heart - CORRECT ANSWER right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left
ventricle"
"atrium - CORRECT ANSWER Each of the two upper chambers of the heart that receives
blood that comes into the heart"
"brachiocephalic artery - CORRECT ANSWER supplies blood to the right arm and the head
and neck"
"left common carotid artery - CORRECT ANSWER supplies left side of head and neck"
"left subclavian artery - CORRECT ANSWER supplies blood to the left arm"
"descending aorta - CORRECT ANSWER the descending part of the aorta that branches into
the thoracic and abdominal aorta"
"iliac arteries - CORRECT ANSWER descending aorta splits into this at L4-bring blood to
pelvis and legs"
"Veins - CORRECT ANSWER carry blood to the heart-deoxygenated"
"Venules - CORRECT ANSWER small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the
veins"
"superior vena cava - CORRECT ANSWER ascends from R atrium, delivers blood to head and
neck"
"inferior vena cava - CORRECT ANSWER descends from R atrium, delivers blood to lx veins,
gonadal veins, hepatic veins, phrenic veins, and renal veins."
"blood - CORRECT ANSWER Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
platelets."
"Erythrocytes - CORRECT ANSWER made in red bone marrow and transport oxygen"
"Hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries
oxygen for delivery to cells"
"Leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER white blood cells"
"Thrombocytes - CORRECT ANSWER platelets; blood clotting"
"Plasma - CORRECT ANSWER Liquid part of blood-55% of total blood volume.
90% water"
"respiratory system - CORRECT ANSWER Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon
dioxide."
"upper respiratory tract - CORRECT ANSWER consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx,
epiglottis, larynx"
"Nasal cavity function - CORRECT ANSWER warms, moistens, and filters air"
"olfactory membrane - CORRECT ANSWER 10 million to 20 million receptor cells embedded"
"throat - CORRECT ANSWER pharynx; smooth, muscular, lined w/mucus and has 3 regions:
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx"
"Ribs - CORRECT ANSWER The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.
12 pair"
"True ribs (1-7) - CORRECT ANSWER have a direct attachment to the sternum via cartilage"
"false ribs (8-12) - CORRECT ANSWER ribs that do not have a direct attachment to the
sternum"
"Axial skeleton includes - CORRECT ANSWER skull, vertebral column, rib cage"
"Ulna - CORRECT ANSWER Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and
located on the side of the little finger."
"radius bone - CORRECT ANSWER smaller bone in the forearm (lower arm) on the same side
as the thumb"
"Tibia - CORRECT ANSWER the medial and larger bone of the lower leg"
"Fibula - CORRECT ANSWER The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg"
"Talus - CORRECT ANSWER ankle bone"
"Joints (articulations) - CORRECT ANSWER synovial
fibrous cartilaginous"
"synovial joints - CORRECT ANSWER created where two bones articulate to permit a variety
of motions"
"central nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER brain and spinal cord;
responsible for processing and storing info issues commands"
"peripheral nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER responsible for gathering info
transporting it to CNS then transporting commands from CNS to organs"
"Neurons - CORRECT ANSWER a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system"
"Soma - CORRECT ANSWER body of the neuron"
"Dendrites - CORRECT ANSWER small tree like, branch off from soma.
carry info to soma, and sometimes away from it."
"arachnoid mater - CORRECT ANSWER weblike middle layer of the three meninges"
"pia mater - CORRECT ANSWER Innermost layer of the meninges
provides sustenance separated from arachnoid mater by subarachnoid space"
"spinal nerves - CORRECT ANSWER 31 pairs
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal"
"cranial nerves - CORRECT ANSWER 12 pairs"
"Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER somatic nervous system and
autonomic nervous system"
"Stomach divided into 4 regions - CORRECT ANSWER cardia, fundus, body, pylorus"
"cardia of stomach - CORRECT ANSWER where esophagus contacts medial surface of
stomach, near heart"
"fundus of stomach - CORRECT ANSWER The top portion of the stomach; has no acid
producing cells"
"pylorus of stomach - CORRECT ANSWER narrowed bottom part of stomach"
"mucosa of stomach - CORRECT ANSWER smooth muscle
contains membrane that secretes hydrochloric acid"
"Submucosa - CORRECT ANSWER made of connective tissue
contains nerves and blood vessels"
"Muscularis - CORRECT ANSWER enables movement of stomach
"adaptive immune system - CORRECT ANSWER targets pathogens based on their antigens-
substances that exist on the surface of pathenogenic cells."
"types of lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER T cells and B cells"
"T cells - CORRECT ANSWER t cells go to phagocyte membrane and rapidly divide and form
different kinds of T cells to perform functions"
"Helper T cells (Th cells) - CORRECT ANSWER activated to seek out and bind to the antigen.
known as coordinators of immune response due to their ability to stimulate 2 different kinds of immune responses."
"Cytotoxic T cells - CORRECT ANSWER stimulated by helper T cells;
actively destroy infected cells in a cell-mediated response"
"B cells - CORRECT ANSWER stimulated by helper T cells,
Trigger antibody mediated response 2 types of B Cells: plasma cells and memory cells"
"plasma cells - CORRECT ANSWER B CELL:
produce antibodies that neutralize and stimulate phagocytes to ingest the entire structure"
"memory cells - CORRECT ANSWER B CELL:
they then store info for producing the antibody and are quickly sprung into action if the antigen comes back."
"Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) - CORRECT ANSWER granulocytes and agranulocytes"
"granular leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER (innate) neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils"
"agranular leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER lymphocytes fight off viral infections and
monocytes which remove pathogens and dead cells from wounds"
Which structure transports urine from the kidney to the bladder? - CORRECT ANSWER
Ureter"
"What is the functional unit of the kidney? - CORRECT ANSWER Nephron"
"The nervous system is divided into two parts, namely ___________ and ____________. - CORRECT
ANSWER The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system"
"The specialized junction from which nerve impulses pass from one neuron to the next is called a
_______________________. - CORRECT ANSWER Synapse"
"The pectoralis major pulls the arm towards the midline. This movement is called _________. -
CORRECT ANSWER Adduction"
"What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction? - CORRECT ANSWER Calcium binds to
troponin and leads to the uncovering of the active site of actin"
"Which type of bone has a diaphysis and two epiphyses? - CORRECT ANSWER Long bone"
"Which of the following is not found in the vertebral column? - CORRECT ANSWER Vomer"
"Which of the following correctly describes the function of luteinizing hormone? - CORRECT
ANSWER It stimulates the production of testosterone in males"
"Which of the following statements is incorrect about estrogen? - CORRECT ANSWER It
stimulates ovulation"
"Which of the following is a function of a neutrophil? - CORRECT ANSWER Phagocytosis of
bacteria"
"Which of the following structure-function is incorrectly paired? - CORRECT ANSWER
Yellow bone marrow—Production of platelets"
"The bolus is formed in which part of the digestive system? - CORRECT ANSWER Oral cavity"
"Which of the following correctly describes chyme? - CORRECT ANSWER Partially digested
food mixed with gastric juice"
"What is the function of the small intestine? - CORRECT ANSWER Absorption of nutrients"
"Which structure in the eye is responsible for color vision? - CORRECT ANSWER Cones"
"Which structure controls the activity of the endocrine system? - CORRECT ANSWER
Hypothalamus"
"Ventricles - CORRECT ANSWER the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood
out to the lungs and body."
"atrioventricular valves - CORRECT ANSWER valves between the atria and ventricles"
"semilunar valves - CORRECT ANSWER pulmonary and aortic valves located between the
right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta"
"sinoatrial node - CORRECT ANSWER pacemaker of the heart"
"atrioventricular node - CORRECT ANSWER picks up signals from SA node, tells ventricles to
contract"
"the heart valves - CORRECT ANSWER try pulling my aorta: Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral,
Aorta"
"lumen - CORRECT ANSWER space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a
blood vessel-lined with endothelium"
"Arteries - CORRECT ANSWER carries blood away from the heart-largest is AORTA"
"Arterioles - CORRECT ANSWER small vessels that receive blood from the arteries"
"aortic arch - CORRECT ANSWER branch into brachiocephalic, left common artery, left
subclavian artery"
"Path of air travel - CORRECT ANSWER nose-->nasopharynx(where eustachian tubes
connect w/pharynx)-->oropharynx(where air from mouth enters pharynx)-->laryngopharynx (air and food pass through this)"
"Epiglottis - CORRECT ANSWER A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food
from entering."
"Larynx - CORRECT ANSWER between pharynx and trachea; voice box; made of:
epiglottis thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage"
"lower respiratory tract - CORRECT ANSWER trachea, bronchi, lungs, and muscles that help
with breathing"
"Trachea - CORRECT ANSWER windpipe; made of fibrous and elastic tissues, smooth muscle,
20 cartilage rings"
"Bronchi - CORRECT ANSWER 2 branches extend from L primary bronchi, 3 branches
extend from R. (Corresponds to number of lobes)"
"Bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER no cartilage, made of smooth muscle ad elastic fiber
tissue, branch to terminal bronchioles"
"terminal bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER connect to alveoli, which is where gas exchange
occurs"
"diaphragm - CORRECT ANSWER made of skeletal muscle; located under the lungs, forming
the floor of the thorax."
"external intercostal muscles - CORRECT ANSWER raises the rib cage during inspiration"
"internal intercostal muscles - CORRECT ANSWER lowers the rib cage during forced
expiration"
"Inhalation/inspiration - CORRECT ANSWER the act of taking in air as the diaphragm
contracts and pulls downward; external intercostal muscles contract to expand ribcage; lungs at LOWER PRESSURE than atmosphere until air is inhaled"
"exhalation/expiration - CORRECT ANSWER diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
relax; internal intercostal muscles contract; thoracic cavity becomes smaller and pressure in lungs climbs HIGHER than atmospheric pressure-air moves out of lungs"
"tidal volume - CORRECT ANSWER Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a
normal breath"
"vital capacity - CORRECT ANSWER The total volume of air that can be exhaled after
maximal inhalation."
"axial skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull,
rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column"
"appendicular skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are
attached to the axial skeleton"
"bone matrix - CORRECT ANSWER nonliving, structural part of bone"
(helps contract) weak muscles"
"cardiac muscle - CORRECT ANSWER Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart;
very strong muscle type made of cardiomyocytes that are joined by intercalated discs. (allow them to contract in sync)"
"skeletal muscle - CORRECT ANSWER striated and voluntary
attached to bones by tendons tendons made of connective tissue w/collagen fibers"
"nervous system functions - CORRECT ANSWER responsible for gathering, processing, and
reacting to information from inside and outside of body."
"Axon - CORRECT ANSWER the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers,
through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands sends info FROM soma"
"Synapses - CORRECT ANSWER tiny gaps between dentrites and axons of different neurons"
"neuroglial cells (Glial Cells) - CORRECT ANSWER provide physical support, insulation, and
nutrients for neurons"
"Schwann cells - CORRECT ANSWER Type of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of the
peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin."
"Nodes of Ranvier - CORRECT ANSWER Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated
sodium channels are confined."
"brain - CORRECT ANSWER Control center of the nervous system"
"spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWER carries signals and process some reflexes to stimuli"
"Meninges - CORRECT ANSWER protect CNS:
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater"
"dura mater - CORRECT ANSWER thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and
protecting the brain and spinal cord"
"cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - CORRECT ANSWER clear fluid formed from blood plasma.
found in subarachnoid, ventricles, and central canal"
"gray matter of brain - CORRECT ANSWER nervous tissue in brain
made of interneurons that are unmyelinated
this is where processing of signals happens."
"white matter of brain - CORRECT ANSWER myelinated neurons
tissue that conducts signals to, from, and between gray matter regions."
"Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - CORRECT ANSWER made of bundles of axons that carry
signals to and from spinal cord and brain"
"5 types of peripheral nerves - CORRECT ANSWER afferent, efferent, mixed (interneuron),
spinal, cranial"
"efferent neurons - CORRECT ANSWER AKA motor neurons - these neurons carry impulses
away from the brain & spinal cord and toward the muscles & glands"
"afferent neurons (sensory neurons) - CORRECT ANSWER take information from inside and
outside of body to sensory organs and receptos (brain)"
"Interneurons - CORRECT ANSWER transmit info to CNS where it's evaluated, compared,
stored or discarded, and used to make a decision"
"somatic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER doesn't branch to anything else
stimulates skeletal muscles"
"autonomic nervous system (ANS) - CORRECT ANSWER not consciously controlled;
stimulates visceral and cardiac muscle branches to: Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System"
"sympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER fight or flight
increases respiration and heart rate decreases digestion releases stress hormones"
"parasympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER rest and digest; also sexual arousal"
"enteric nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER the nervous system of the digestive tract"
"digestive system function - CORRECT ANSWER The body system that takes in, breaks down,
and absorbs nutrients that are necessary for growth"
