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Hematology Exam Question and Answer
Latest Update Graded A
Hemoglobin - Answer -This molecule transports oxygen from the capillary beds of the lungs to the body tissues Oxygen saturation - Answer -The ratio of oxygen bound to hemoglobin Measured with a pulse oximeter 2,3 DPG - Answer -This enzyme stimulates oxygen release from hemoglobin when blood pH is low (hypoxic/acidotic). Carboxyhemaglobin - Answer -Hemoglobin disorder in which hgb has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen. The Oxygen-Hemoglobin curve shifts left, patient is hypoxemic, and blood appears bright red. Methemoglobin - Answer -Hemoglobin disorder in which the iron molecule of hgb is oxidized into Fe+3, causing a left shift in the Oxygen-Hemoglobin curve. Blood becomes brown colored. Erythropoiesis - Answer -The production and formation of red blood cells Reticulocyte - Answer -The stage of red blood cell development just prior to maturation Metarubricyte - Answer -A red blood cell more immature than a reticulocyte Rubriblast - Answer -The most immature stage of red blood cell development
Leukocytosis - Answer -Medical term for an increase in white blood cells Leukopenia - Answer -Medical term for a decreased number of white blood cells Neutrophil - Answer -Granulocyte that functions in phagocytosis, secretion of mediators of inflammation, antibacterial properties, and microbiocidal action Eosinophil - Answer -Granulocyte that functions in phagocytosis, parasiticidal action, and allergy reactions Basophil - Answer -Granulocyte that functions in inflammation and parasiticidal action, and release histamines Circulating pool - Answer -Consists of freely moving neutrophils, this is the pool sampled from when blood is drawn Marginal pool - Answer -Consists of neutrophils that are "stuck" to the walls of small vessels Neutrophils from this pool will be sampled more often in a stressed animal Heterophil - Answer -Neutrophils in other species that are elongated and have red staining granules Band neutrophil - Answer -Immature neutrophil that is slightly darker staining and with a horseshoe shaped, symmetrical nucleus with rounded ends Left shift - Answer -An increase in band neutrophils in the peripheral blood, resulting from an increased demand for neutrophils due to infection.
Normocytic - Answer -Refers to normal sized (mature) erythrocytes Term used to describe a normal MCV value (66-77 fL) Anisocytosis - Answer -A general presence of variation in cell size Normochromic - Answer -Term used to describe a normal MCHC value Cells stain pink with an area of central pallor Polychromasia - Answer -Medical term used to describe cells with a bluish tint because of remaining organelles in the cytoplasm Hypochromasia - Answer -Lack or decrease in staining intensity because of a decrease in cellular hemoglobin Term for a low MCHC value Poikilocytosis - Answer -A general presence of variation in cell shape Common in pigs Acanthocytes - Answer -Cells with irregularly shaped margins/projections from the cell wall Commonly seen with liver disease, hemangiosarcoma, poor technique Schistocytes - Answer -Fragmented red blood cells Clots in the vessels result in RBCs getting damaged and fragmented as they pass through Seen with DIC, vascular neoplasia, and bad heartworm disease Echinocytes - Answer -Also called burr cells, these red blood cells have regular spine-like projections from all surfaces of the cell, appear fuzzy Commonly seen in renal disease and lymphosarcoma
Crenation - Answer -Term used to describe misshapen red blood cells, often due to poor technique Target cell - Answer -Also called a Mexican Hat cell, the membrane folds over and becomes distorted Commonly seen in liver disease Spherocytes - Answer -Small, dense, and dark staining cells that lack central pallor Suggestive of IMHA, toxins, and infectious disorders May be seen in mismatched blood transfusions Hallmark sign of hemolysis in a dog Rouleaux - Answer -A clump of red blood cells that appear to be stacked like a roll of coins Is a normal finding in horses and cats Should not be seen in dogs Agglutination - Answer -Clumped RBCs, typically seen with immune diseases such as IMHA and may be seen in mismatched blood transfusions Basophilic stippling - Answer -A type of RBC inclusion in which small, blue staining granules are visualized, giving the cell a speckled egg appearance Granules are residual RNA Indicative of lead toxicity in dogs Equine - Answer -This species does not release reticulocytes in response to anemias CBC - Answer -This diagnostic blood test includes red and white blood cell counts, platelet counts, PCV, differential blood smear, and hemoglobin measurement
Eosinophilia - Answer -Medical term for an abundance of eosinophils Eosinopenia - Answer -Medical term for a deficiency of eosinophils Lymphocytosis - Answer -Medical term for an abundance of lymphocytes Lymphocytopenia - Answer -Medical term for a deficiency of lymphocytes Monocytosis - Answer -Medical term for an abundance of monocytes Monocytopenia - Answer -Medical term for a deficiency of monocytes Regenerative left shift - Answer -Total white blood cell count is elevated due to neutrophilia and the number of band neutrophils is equal to or less than the number of mature neutrophils Indicates proper bone marrow response Degenerative left shift - Answer -Total white blood cell count may be normal or low, and the number of band neutrophils exceeds the number of mature neutrophils Indicates bone marrow cannot meet the demand for production and is usually a poor prognosis Stress leukogram - Answer -An unusual leukogram that shows... Moderate leukocytosis Mature neutrophilia Lymphopenia and eosinopenia No left shift
Exercise response - Answer -An unusual leukogram that shows... Leukocytosis Mild neutrophilia with no left shift Lymphocytosis Reactive lymphocyte - Answer -Lymphocytes that have been stimulated to produce antibodies or lymphokines Appear to have increased cytoplasm, increased basophilia Hypersegmentation - Answer -A type of neutrophil toxicity in which the nucleus has 5 or more lobes May be due to normal aging changes, Cushing's disease, or chronic inflammation Indicates neutrophils are working too hard for too long Pelger-Huet Anomaly - Answer -WBC disorder in which neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are not segmented properly, but function normally Mimics a left shift Chediak-Higashi syndrome - Answer -WBC disorder in which granules are abnormally large in granulocytes Cells do not function properly, leading to an increased susceptibility to infection Inflammatory leukogram - Answer -An unusual leukogram that shows... Leukocytosis Neutrophilia Lymphocytopenia Degenerative left shift Heinz body - Answer -Name this RBC inclusion Howell-Jolly body - Answer -Name this RBC inclusion
