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APA Writing Style Guide: Formatting and Citation Rules for Cross-Cultural Research - Prof., Papers of Political Science

Wheaton CollegePolitical Science
Prof. Evvy Campbell

Guidelines for formatting and citing sources in apa style for a cross-cultural research paper. Topics covered include abstract writing, abbreviations, capitalization, change from sources, citation of sources, expression, format, gender bias, levels of headings, margins, numbers, paragraphs, punctuation, quotation marks, reference list, researcher biographies, spacing, table of contents, title page, and verbs.

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INTR 572
Cross-Cultural Research
Evvy Campbell Guidelines from the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association
1. Abstract A comprehensive, dense, brief summary of the research. Report, don’t evaluate.
Use digits and abbreviations to conserve space. It should be no more than 100-120 words or
limited to 960 characters. (8)
2. Abbreviations Eliminate unnecessary abbreviations and explain necessary ones the first
time they are used. (342)
Ex: American Psychological Association (APA).
3. Capitalization Capitalize proper nouns and all words of four or more letters in headings.
(75)
Ex: Boy With an Attitude
4. Change From Sources (97)
Omitting Material Use three ellipsis points (. . .) within a sentence to omit material and four
(. . . .) between two sentences.
Ex: I pledge allegiance to . . . the United States of America.
Ex: Students enjoy breaks . . . .Faculty do as well.
Inserting Material or Adding Emphasis Use brackets [ ], not parentheses ( ), to enclose
material inserted in a quotation by some person other than the original source.
Ex: “Those behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added] after treatment.”
5. Citation of Sources (97)
1. When quoting an author directly you must credit the source. For a direct quote give author,
year, and page number in parenthesis (or paragraph number for electronic text).
Ex: (Houghton, 1994, p. 21)
2. When paraphrasing it is not required to provide a page number but is helpful.
Ex: (Houghton, 1994) or (Houghton, 1994, p. 21)
3. In midsentence: End the passsage with quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses
immediately after the quotation marks, and continue the sentence.
Ex: “The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner”
(Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
4. At the end of a sentence: Close the quoted passage with quotation marks, cite the source in
parentheses immediately after the quotation marks, and end with the period or other
punctuation outside the final parenthesis.
Ex: Merill (1998) said “the results were equivocal” (p. 92).
5. At the end of a block quote. Cite the quoted source in parentheses after the final punctuation
mark.
Ex: indented quote of more than forty words….Last word. (Read, 1999, p. 20)
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INTR 572

Cross-Cultural Research Evvy Campbell Guidelines from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

1. Abstract A comprehensive, dense, brief summary of the research. Report, don’t evaluate. Use digits and abbreviations to conserve space. It should be no more than 100-120 words or limited to 960 characters. (8) 2. Abbreviations Eliminate unnecessary abbreviations and explain necessary ones the first time they are used. (342) Ex: American Psychological Association (APA). 3. Capitalization Capitalize proper nouns and all words of four or more letters in headings. (75) Ex: Boy With an Attitude 4. Change From Sources (97) Omitting Material Use three ellipsis points (.. .) within a sentence to omit material and four (... .) between two sentences. Ex: I pledge allegiance to... the United States of America. Ex: Students enjoy breaks... .Faculty do as well.

Inserting Material or Adding Emphasis Use brackets [ ], not parentheses ( ), to enclose material inserted in a quotation by some person other than the original source. Ex: “Those behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added] after treatment.”

5. Citation of Sources (97)

  1. When quoting an author directly you must credit the source. For a direct quote give author, year, and page number in parenthesis (or paragraph number for electronic text). Ex: (Houghton, 1994, p. 21)
  2. When paraphrasing it is not required to provide a page number but is helpful. Ex: (Houghton, 1994) or (Houghton, 1994, p. 21)
  3. In midsentence: End the passsage with quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses immediately after the quotation marks, and continue the sentence. Ex: “The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
  4. At the end of a sentence: Close the quoted passage with quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses immediately after the quotation marks, and end with the period or other punctuation outside the final parenthesis. Ex: Merill (1998) said “the results were equivocal” (p. 92).
  5. At the end of a block quote. Cite the quoted source in parentheses after the final punctuation mark. Ex: indented quote of more than forty words….Last word. (Read, 1999, p. 20)

6. Expression Avoid jargon, wordiness, and slang. (27) Jargon is the use of technical vocabulary where it is not relevant; or substitution of a euphemistic phrase for a more familiar term. Ex: monitarily felt scarcity for poverty 7. Format 8.5 x 11” paper, double-spaced, 1” margins, separate pages for title page, abstract, references, tables, and figures. (341) 8. Gender Bias Avoid biased or pejorative language related to gender. (50) Ex: “the nurse…she” “policeman” “mailman” Ex: “police officer” “mail carrier” 9. Levels of Headings (91) CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING - Level 5

Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading - Level 1

Centered, Underlined, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading - Level 2

Flush Left, Underlined, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading - Level 3

Indented, underlined, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. - Level 4

10. Margins One inch on all four sides. Right margin should be ragged, not justified. (xxviii) 11. Numbers Use figures to express numbers 10 and above. (99) Avoid beginning a sentence with a number. (102) Ex: There were 13 boys present Incorrect example: 43 boys came to the party. 12. Paragraph Indent each paragraph with a 5 to 7 space indent. (xxviii) Longer than a single sentence but not longer than a manuscript page. (342) 13. Punctuation Commas (62-63)

  1. Use between elements (including before and and or ) in a series of three or more items Ex: the height, width, or depth
  2. Use to set off a non-essential clause. Ex: Switch A, which was on a panel, controlled the recording device.
  3. Do not use to set off an essential clause Ex: The switch that stops the recording device also controls the light.
  4. Use to set off exact dates only. (63) Ex: April 18, 1992, was the correct date. Ex: April 1992 was the correct month. Dash Indicates an interruption in the flow of a sentence. Type as two hyphens with no space before or after (65, 244) Ex: Studies—published and unpublished—corroborate this conclusion.

19. Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Purpose, context of the problem, precedents in the literature, procedural overview, population, definition of terms, generalizability, importance. Chapter 2 - Literature Review Chapter 3 - Research Population and Procedures Chapter 4 - Findings Chapter 5 - Conclusions and Recommendations References (174-188) Appendixes (166-167) 20. Title Page (7)

  1. Use upper and lower case letters for the title.
  2. Authors names go on one line (First, middle initial, last, e.g. Robert L. Titus); Institution name on separate line.
  3. The title should be a concise statement of the main topic and fully explanatory when standing alone.
  4. Include a “running head,” an abbreviated title at the top of the page (maximum of 50 characters). 21. Verbs Avoid unnecessary shift in verb tense. (25)
  5. Use past tense for the literature review (“research has shown”) and for chapters 1-4.
  6. Use the present tense in chapter 5 to invite the reader to join you in deliberating the matter at hand.
  7. Use active verbs rather than passive verbs. (32)
  8. Verbs should agree in number (i.e. singular or plural). Example: “data are important” 22. Voice Use third person instead of first. Only use “we” in referring to multiple authors. (10)

APA Information on the Web www.wheaton.edu//learnres/library/citation.html (APA information starts on p. 6)

Material adapted from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. (1995) 4 th^ ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

CCR APA Guidelines