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Glaucoma and myasthenia gravis Pharmac, Study notes of Pharmacology
Glaucoma Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often due to high intraocular pressure (IOP). It is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Types of Glaucoma: 1. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: The most common form, where the drainage angle formed by the cornea and iris remains open, but the trabecular meshwork is partially blocked, causing gradual increase in IOP. 2. Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Less common, but more urgent. The iris bulges forward, blocking the drainage angle completely, leading to a rapid increase in IOP. ### Myasthenia **Myasthenia Gravis (MG)** is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of the voluntary muscles. It occurs when the immune system produces antibodies. Diagnosis: - **Clinical Examination**: Observing muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest. - **Edrophonium Test**: Administration of edrophonium chloride to temporarily improve muscle strength.
Typology: Study notes
2023/2024
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- Immunosuppressants: In cases where myasthenia gravis is refractory to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or requires long-term management, immunosuppressive agents like prednisone, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil may be used. These drugs work by suppressing the autoimmune response against the acetylcholine receptors. Adverse effects may include increased risk of infections, gastrointestinal disturbances, and bone marrow suppression.
- Monoclonal Antibodies: Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting B cells, has shown efficacy in some cases of refractory myasthenia gravis by reducing antibody production. Adverse effects may include infusion reactions, infections, and rare cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
- Symptomatic Treatment: Depending on the individual's symptoms, additional medications such as corticosteroids for exacerbations, immunoglobulins for rapid symptom relief, or plasma exchange may be used. Understanding the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and drug