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General Biology I - Biological Macromolecules - Slides | BIOL 1406, Study notes of Biology

Wharton County Junior College Biology

Prof. Kevin W. Dees

Material Type: Notes; Professor: Dees; Class: General Biology I (Core 030); Subject: Biology; University: Wharton County Junior College; Term: Unknown 1989;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/16/2009

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Biology – Kevin Dees

Biology Chapter 5

Biological macromolecules

Biology – Kevin Dees

Small molecules (like water and NaCl) have

certain properties that arise from the

bonds which hold atoms together in a

particular arrangement.

Many of the molecules that compose the

cells in a living thing are huge and are

often termed macromolecules.

very large molecules

- some proteins for examples contain

thousands of covalently bonded carbon

atoms

Partial preview of the text

Download General Biology I - Biological Macromolecules - Slides | BIOL 1406 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Biology – Kevin Dees

Biology Chapter 5

Biological macromolecules

Biology – Kevin Dees

Small molecules (like water and NaCl) have certain properties that arise from the bonds which hold atoms together in a particular arrangement. Many of the molecules that compose the cells in a living thing are huge and are often termed macromolecules. very large molecules

some proteins for examples contain thousands of covalently bonded carbon atoms

Biology – Kevin Dees

There are four categories of

biological macromolecules:

Carbohydrates *
Lipids
Proteins*
Nucleic Acids*

these three categories are composed of molecules that are formed as polymers

Biology – Kevin Dees

Polymers

Polymers are long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
These basic units (or building blocks) are known as monomers.
As we will see, the monomers of each of the three different macromolecules are different , but the chemical mechanism to build polymers from these monomers is very similar.

Biology – Kevin Dees

Polymers may also be broken down into smaller units by a catabolic reaction.
This process requires the addition of water and is known as hydrolysis. - Split with water - The reverse of dehydration synthesis - Also requires enzymes to activate

Biology – Kevin Dees

1. Carbohydrates

Functions:
- Quick energy source (fuel)
- Structural building materials
Sugars ( monosaccharides ) form the basic monomers of polysaccharides.

Biology – Kevin Dees

monosaccharides

Glucose is the most common (most sugar names end in – ose )
Glucose is important in the cellular respiration reaction
“easy to catabolize”

Biology – Kevin Dees

Polysaccharide examples

Starch – storage polysaccharide in plants
- Glucose bank for plants
- Most animals have enzymes that can hydrolyze starch
Glycogen – storage polysaccharide in animals - Stored in liver and muscle tissue - Used when demand for sugar increases; only a day’s worth of stored energy

Biology – Kevin Dees

Cellulose - the most abundant organic compound on earth - Structural polysaccharide – found only in plants - Found in the cell wall of plant cells - Very strong - Forms long fibers - Most animals do not have enzymes to hydrolyze cellulose - Termites and cows use symbiotic microorganisms

Biology – Kevin Dees

Chitin – structural polysaccharide found in arthropods - Insects, crustaceans, arachnids - Composes the exoskeleton - Also found in some fungi - Used to make surgical thread – very thin, very strong and decomposes easily.

Biology – Kevin Dees

2. Lipids

Do not consist of polymers
Grouped together because they are hydrophobic – little or no affinity for water
Classes of lipids:
- Fats
- Phospholipids
- Steroids

Biology – Kevin Dees

Phospholipids

Similar to fat but only has two fatty acid tails attached to glycerol and has a phosphate group (PO 4 ) as well.
Amphipathic - hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

Biology – Kevin Dees

When placed in water, forms phospholipid bilayer

Biology – Kevin Dees

Steroids

Cholesterol – fond in animal cells
Some hormones – estrogen, testosterone

Biology – Kevin Dees

3. Proteins

Very diverse group with many functions
Monomers are amino acids – 20 naturally occurring - Amino group - α carbon - Carboxyl group - R group (variable)

Biology – Kevin Dees

Protein function is determined by shape

There are four levels of protein structure
- Primary structure – sequence of amino acids

Biology – Kevin Dees

Secondary structure
- Hydrogen bonding along backbone causes the polypeptide chain to : - coil (α helix) - fold (ß pleated sheet)

Biology – Kevin Dees

Tertiary structure – interactions among side (R groups) chains causes additional folding and produces a truly three- dimensional molecule

Biology – Kevin Dees

Quaternary structure – occurs between two or more polypeptide chains

Biology – Kevin Dees

Nucleic acids as polymers

Composed of monomers called nucleotides - Three components of a nucleotide - Nitrogenous base - Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine, uracil - Phosphate - Pentose sugar - Ribose or deoxyribose

Biology – Kevin Dees

The nucleotides are joined by the bonding of the phosphate group from one nucleotide to the pentose sugar from the next
Forming the phosphate – sugar backbone
This also makes these chains directional
3’ and 5’ ends

Biology – Kevin Dees

DNA structure

Two complementary strands of nucleotides
Formed by the hydrogen bonding of complementary base pairs A—T and G—C
double helix
- Discovered by Watson and Crick

Biology – Kevin Dees

The structure of DNA allows DNA to carry genetic information (in the sequences of the bases) and to self-replicate (make a copy of itself).
The strands are directional - 3’ and 5’ ends - antiparallel

General Biology I - Biological Macromolecules - Slides | BIOL 1406, Study notes of Biology

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download General Biology I - Biological Macromolecules - Slides | BIOL 1406 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Biology Chapter 5

There are four categories of

biological macromolecules:

Polymers

1. Carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Polysaccharide examples

2. Lipids

Phospholipids

Steroids

3. Proteins

Nucleic acids as polymers

DNA structure