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Operating System
UNIT 1 OPERATING SYSTEM
Structure Page No.
1.0 Introduction 5
1.1 Objectives 6
1.2 Familiarization (I/O Port, Keyboard, Memory) 6
1.2.1 Computer and Motherboard 6 1.2.2 I/O Ports 8 1.2.3 I/O Devices 9 1.2.4 Memory 14
1.3 Windows Operating System 16
1.3.1 Overviews of Windows 16 1.3.2 Windows Installing Procedure 17 1.3.3 Working with XP 25
1.4 Linux Operating System 31
1.4.1 Overview of LUNIX/LINUX Operating System 31 1.4.2 How to install Linux Operating System 32 1.4.3 Linux utilities and Basic Commands 41
1.5 Summary 53
1.6 Answers to Check Your Progress 53
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In this unit, we are going to learn basics of computer. Computer is a machine that performs tasks or calculations according to a set of instructions, or programs. Compared to those early machines, today's computers are amazing. Not only are they thousands of times faster, they can fit on your desk, in your lap, or even in your pocket. Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software.
Hardware is physical component of a computer system. It is a tiny rectangular chip inside the computer called the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor. It is the "brain" of computer—the part that translate instructions and performs calculations. Hardware items such as monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other items are often called hardware devices. Software refers to the instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do.
The operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer and the devices connected to it. OS is responsible for management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of computer. The OS acts as a host for other application software.
Lab Course (^) We will be discussing about two well known operating systems:
(a) Windows operating system, and (b) Linux operating system.
1.1 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit, you should be able to:
understand about computer and it‘s components; features of Windows XP; know the installation procedure of Windows XP; features of Linux (Fedora); know the installation procedure of Fedora; and know the utilities and basic commands of Fedora.
1.2 FAMILIARIZATION WITH I/O PORT, KEYBOARD,
MEMORY
Computer plays a key role in how individuals work and how they live. Even the smallest organizations have computers to help them operate more efficiently, and many individuals use computers at home for educational, entertainment, and business purposes. Thus you must be familiar with computers and its components.
In the following sub-sections, we will discuss the same and there is practice session also at the end of this section. Hope you will enjoy this practice session.
1.2.1 Computer and Motherboard
Computer : A computer is programmable machine that receives input, stores, manipulate data, and provides output in a useful format.
Computer takes input from input devices and then compute in CPU and stores in memory and sends output to output devices. The most common device for input is the keyboard. When you type, you are putting information into the computer, which is known as input. The most common device for output is the monitor. These input output devices are connected through I/O Ports.
Lab Course
Figure 1.2 (b) : Detailed Overview of Motherboard
CPU : The CPU is the central electronic chip that contains the processing power of the computer. Today, all CPUs are microprocessors.
- A microprocessor is a complete computer on a silicon chip.
- A microprocessor does all of the functions of a computer. stores data and instructions waiting to be used. follows changeable instructions. does input, processing, and output.
Memory : Memory is the part of the computer that temporarily stores applications, documents, and system operating information.
1.2.2 I/0 Ports
In this sub-section, we will study about I/O ports.
Ports and Connectors : A port is a connector located on the motherboard or on a separate adapter. This we will discuss in following sub section.
As shown in figure 1.2 an internal view of some of the I/O ports. On the back of computers are several I/O (or Input/output) ports. Above, on the very top are two PS/2 ports, normally used for mouse and keyboard connections. Below that are the USB, (or Universal Serial Bus), ports. Below those are two serial ports beside a long parallel port that is often used to connect to a printer. On the bottom right is a game port for joysticks or other game controllers. On the bottom left is a microphone hook up, a speaker hook up, and an additional hook up for another sound input device like a musical keyboard.
Operating System
Figure 1. 3. I/O Port
I/O ports are there to connect to I/O devices. There are various I/O devices which are discussed in the next subsection:
1.2. 3 I/O Devices
Few I/O devices are given Table 1.1. Table 1.1 : I/O Devices
Here, we are discussing about Keyboard and mouse. Rest is kept for you to explore. Keyboard Basics Keyboard is used to type data into the computer. is most common input device. has special keys for giving the computer commands. Commands tell the computer to do something, like save the file. These special keys are called command or function keys.
Input Devices Output Devices
Mouse Monitor Joystick LCD Scanner Printer Light Pen Plotter
Operating System Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + C Copy selected text.
Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.
Ctrl + F Open find box.
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + J Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen.
Ctrl + K Insert link.
Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.
Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph.
Ctrl + P Open the print window.
Ctrl + Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font.
Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines.
Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines.
Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing.
Ctrl + Alt + 1 Changes text to heading 1.
Ctrl + Alt + 2 Changes text to heading 2.
Ctrl + Alt + 3 Changes text to heading 3.
Alt + Ctrl + F2 Open new document.
Ctrl + F1 Open the Task Pane.
Ctrl + F2 Display the print preview.
Ctrl + Shift > Increases the highlighted text size by one.
Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1pts.
Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font - 1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font by +2pt.
Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font - 1pts.
Ctrl + / + c Insert a cent sign (¢).
Lab Course
How keyboard connects to a computer?
Computer Keyboard can connect with a computer through a cable or signal (wireless connection). Until recently, a keyboard used to connect with the standard PS/2 type or Serial.
Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen. Ctrl + T Create a hanging indent. Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection. Ctrl + V Paste.
Ctrl + X Cut selected text. Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed. Ctrl + Z Undo last action.
Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font.
Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts.
Ctrl + ' +
Insert a character with an accent (grave) mark, where is the character you want. For example, if you wanted an accented è you would use Ctrl + ' + e as your shortcut key. To reverse the accent mark use the opposite accent mark, often on the tilde key. Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters.
Ctrl + Moves one word to the left. Ctrl + Moves one word to the right. Ctrl + Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph. Ctrl + Moves to the end of the paragraph.
Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor. Ctrl + Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor. Ctrl + End Moves the cursor to the end of the document.
Ctrl + Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.
Lab Course (^) 1.2.4 Memory
Now we discuss about one of the most important parts of computers i.e memory. Computers generally possess several distinct types of memory, each of which "holds" or stores information for subsequent use. The vast majority of computer memory can be placed into one of two categories: primary memory and secondary memory.
Figure 1.6 : Hierarchy of memory Primary memory, often called main memory, constitutes that device, or group of devices, that holds instructions and data for rapid and direct access by the computer's central processing unit (CPU). Primary memory is synonymous with random-access memory (RAM).
Figure 1.7 : RAM
Modern RAM is made of semiconductor circuitry. RAM is a volatile form of information storage, meaning that when electrical power is terminated any data that it contains is lost. There are other semiconductor memory devices accessed by the CPU that are generally considered as being distinct from primary memory (i.e., different from RAM). These memory units include cache memory, read-only memory (ROM), and Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) and EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory Secondary memory, also called auxiliary memory or mass storage, consists of devices not directly accessible by the CPU. Hard drives, floppy disks, tapes, and optical disks are widely used for secondary storage. First, most secondary storage devices are capable of containing much more information than is feasible for primary memory (hence the use of the term "mass storage" as a synonym for secondary memory). A second, and essential, feature of secondary memory is that it is non-volatile. This means that data is stored with or without electrical power being supplied to the device, as opposed to RAM, which can retain its data only so long as electrical power is present. Like primary memory, many secondary memory devices are capable of storing information, as well as retrieving it. Magnetic technology devices (such as hard drives, floppy disks, and tape) have this read-write capability, as do magneto- optical drives. However, some mass storage devices can only read data, as in the case of CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory) drives. CD-ROMs utilize
optical technology; however, newer optical technologies, such as CD-RW^ Operating System (compact disk-rewriteable), can both read and write information like magnetic storage devices.
Hard Disk
Figure 1.8(a) : Internal view Figure 1.8(b) : External view
The hard disk is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer. The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk.
Now let‘s have a Practice Session
Check Your Progress 1
- Find shortcut keys for the following: a) To Open Help. b) To repeat the last action performed. c) To save document d) To Bold the selected text e) Change the text in Microsoft Word from uppercase to lowercase or capital letter at the beginning of every word.
- List use of following function keys:
F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F7, F8, F
- Type the following passage in MS-WORD
over the past few years the growth of the computer industry has been quiet remarkable and today it is the fastest growing industry in our economy. Nowadays, many schools are equipped with computers for educating their students. Thereby making computers an integral part of education system. Teachers and profesors use computers for teaching, giving presentations, assessing various data banks, maintaining database of students, communication in the form of e mails or chat, browsng the Internet and
Windows XP was the successor to both Windows 2000 and Windows Me , and^ Operating System was the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft System Requirement for windows XP.
Pentium 233-megahertz (MHz) processor or faster (300 MHz is recommended). At least 64 megabytes (MB) of RAM (128 MB is recommended). At least 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk. CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive. Keyboard and a Microsoft Mouse or some other compatible pointing device. Video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher resolution. Sound card. Speakers or headphones.
1.3.2 Windows Installing Procedure
This procedure demonstrates how to install Windows XP Professional. The procedure to install Windows XP home edition is very similar to the professional edition. Since Windows XP Pro is more advanced operating system, it will be used to demonstrate the installation procedure.
The best way install Windows XP is to do a clean install. It is not difficult to perform a clean installation. Before you perform the installation I recommend that you check Windows XP Compatibility List to ensure that your hardware is supported by XP. If your hardware is not on the compatibility list you can check your hardware manufactures website to download the drivers for Windows XP. Save all the necessary drivers onto floppy disks or CD before you start the installation.
Step 1 : Start your PC and place your Windows XP CD in your CD/DVD-ROM drive. Your PC should automatically detect the CD and you will get a message saying "Press any key to boot from CD". Soon as computer starts booting from the CD your will get the following screen:
Lab Course (^) Step 2 : At this stage it will ask you to press F
Step 3 Press S to specify that you want to install additional device.
Step 4 : You will be asked to insert the floppy disk with drivers. Press enter after you have inserted the disk.
Step 5 : You will see a list of drivers for your HDD. Select the correct driver for your device and press enter.
Step 6 : You will then get a Windows XP Professional Setup screen. You have the option to do a new Windows install, Repair previous install or quit. Since we are doing a new install we just press Enter to continue.
Lab Course (^) Windows will now start formatting drive C: and start copying setup files as shown
on the two images below :
Step 11 : After the setup has completed copying the files the computer will restart. Leave the XP CD in the drive but this time DO NOT press any key when the message "Press any key to boot from CD" is displayed. In few seconds setup will continue. Windows XP Setup wizard will guide you through the setup process of gathering information about your computer.
Step 12 : Choose your region and language.
Step 13 : Type in your name and organization.^ Operating System
Step 14 : Enter your product key.
Step 15: Name the computer, and enter an Administrator password. Don't forget to write down your Administrator password.
Step 16: Enter the correct date, time and choose your time zone.
Step 17 : For the network setting choose typical and press next.
Step 22 : Ready to activate Windows? Choose yes if you wish to active Windows^ Operating System over the internet now. Choose no if you want to activate Windows at a later stage.
Step 23 : Add users that will sign on to this computer and click next.
Step 24 : You will get a Thank you screen to confirm setup is complete. Click finish.
Step 25 : Log in, to your PC for the first time.
Step 26 : You now need to check the device manager to confirm that all the drivers has been loaded or if there are any conflicts. From the start menu select Start -> Settings -> Control Panel. Click on the System icon and then from the System Properties window select the Hardware tab, then click on Device Manager.
Lab Course
If there are any yellow exclamation mark "!" next to any of the listed device, it means that no drivers or incorrect drivers has been loaded for that device. In our case we have a Video Controller (VGA card) which has no drivers installed. Your hardware should come with manufacturer supplied drivers. You need to install these drivers using the automatic setup program provided by the manufacturer or you need to manually install these drivers. If you do not have the drivers, check the manufacturer‘s website to download them. To install a driver manually use the following procedure: (a) From the device manager double click on the device containing the exclamation mark. (b) This would open a device properties window. (c) Click on the Driver tab. (d) Click Update Driver button. The Wizard for updating device driver pops up as shown below:
You now get two options. The first option provides an automatic search for the required driver. The second option allows you to specify the location of the driver. If you don't know the location of the driver choose the automatic search which would find the required driver from the manufacturer supplied CD or Floppy disk. Windows would install the required driver and may ask you to restart the system for the changes to take affect. Use this procedure to install drivers for all the devices that contain an exclamation mark.
