Fruit Crops Pest and Management, Slides of Entomology

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There are more than 492 species of insects, 17 species of mites and 26 species of nematodes have been reported to be infesting mango trees;

Mango hoppers: Idioscopus clypealis (Letheirry), I. nitidus Walker, I. niveoparsus , Amritodus atkinsonii (Letheirry) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Mango mealybug: Drosicha mangiferae Green (Homoptera: Margarodidae) Fruit flies: Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, B. correcta Bezzi, B. zonata Saunders (Diptera: Tephritidae) Stem borer: Batocera rufomaculata De Geer (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) Bark eating caterpillar: Indarbela quadrinotata Walker (Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae) Stone weevil: Sternochaetus mangiferae (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Leaf Webber: Orthaga exvinascea Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Red ant: Oecophylla smaragdina (Fab.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Eriophyid mite: Aceria mangiferae Sayed (Prostigmata: Eriophyidae) Termites: Odontotermes obesus , (Rambur) Microtermes obesi (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Termitidae) Insect Pests of Mango

Damage injury by egg laying in the inflorescence and sucking the sap voraciously, which leads to the withering of the inflorescence; Heavy infestation results in fruit dropping and growth of sooty mould on honeydew excreted by hoppers; Parasitoids : Polynema spp., Gonatocerus sp., Tetrastichus sp. Predators : Mallada boninensis , Plexippus paykullii Management **(a) Spraying of imidacloprid ( 0. 005 %, 0. 3 ml/l) or Dimethoate

30. 00 % EC at an early stage of panicle formation in case of more than five hoppers/panicle. (b) Thiamethoxam ( 0. 005 %, 0. 2 g/l water) or acephate ( 1. 5 g/l water) applied after fruit setting. Farmers are advised not to apply any spray after the occurrence of 50 % flowering because it will affect the insect pollinators, which leads to less fruit setting. (d) Keep orchard clean by regular removal of weeds and pruning of overcrowded and overlapping branches in December;** (^) https://www.pestnet. Buprofezin 25.00% SC @ 1-2 ml/litre or Monocrotophos org/fact_sheets 36.00% SL @ 1-2 ml/litre

Hosts and Distribution Major pests in India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh; a polyphagous insect pest, feeding on 71 plant species; Mango Giant mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae Biology Nymphs hatch out in the winter at end of December or beginning of January; A single female lays up to 400–500 egg in silken ovisacs; duration of first instar varies from 45 to 71 days, second instar 18 to 38 days and third instar for female 15 to 26 days; total duration is 77–135 days for female and 67–119 days for male; Females are wingless larviform; body covered over by waxy or mealy powder; They are sexually dimorphic; Adults males are winged and non-feeding stage, and short-lived; Temperature and relative humidity are major ecological factors which affect mealybug as well as their natural enemies;

Venkata Rami Reddy et al., 2018 Management

1. Plough the orchard in November–December.
2. Undertake banding of tree trunk with alkathene ( 400 gauge) of 25 cm wide 30 cm above ground level, and apply Beauveria bassiana product ( 2 g/l) or five per cent NSKE in second week of December around the tree trunk; Apply grease on lower end of alkathene band;
3. Release Cryptolaemus montrouzieri at ten beetles/plant of R. iceryoides;
4. Rake up the soil around the tree trunk, and mix with chlorpyrifos dust 1. 5 % at 250 g/tree during the second week of December;
5. If nymphs ascended on the tree, spray carbosulfan ( 0. 05 %) or dimethoate ( 0. 06 %);
6. Remove weed plants like Clerodendrum infortunatum , an alternate host plant of the giant mealybugs.

Mealy bug management in mango

Generally more than 15 - year-old trees or those already weakened from other causes, either pathological or environmental, are more vulnerable to attack by stem Borers; After hatching from the egg, the neonate larva initially feeds under the bark; The larvae tunnel through the sapwood and make irregular tunnels of about 2 – 3 cm width, which interfere with sap flow and affect foliage and production; Drying of terminal shoot in early stage; The tunnels may either be in the peripheral region or may go deep down into the core of the tree; The size of the tunnel gradually increases as the grub develops; The damage in the early stage is not perceptible, but it can be noticed by the oozing of sticky fluid from several places of the tree trunk and branches; Normally the attack goes unnoticed till a branch or two starts shedding leaves and drying up; A hole with dripping sap and frass on the bark are symptoms visible in advanced stages of infestation; The damage results in yellowing of branches followed by drying and dieback of terminal shoots and branches ultimately leading to the death of the whole tree; Nature of damage

Management of stem borer:

1. Prune the affected branches; Remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches of the tree
2. Stem wrapping with a nylon mesh during May–August helps in capturing freshly emerging adult beetles;
3. A formulation called ‘sealer cum healer’ has been developed by Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, which when applied on the stem along with an insecticide (dichlorovos) and a fungicide (Copper oxychloride) helps to protect trunks from egg laying by adults; Padding with monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 ml in 2.5 cm /tree soaked in absorbent cotton.
4. Remove the grubs from the infected trunk holes by using iron wire/hook and kill them; apply monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 to 20 ml/ hole One celphos tablet (3 g aluminum phosphide) per hole
5. Plugging the holes with cotton dipped in dichlorovos 76% EC or petrol kills the active larvae inside the stem;
6. Spray trunk portion with chlorpyrifos 20 EC at 3 ml/l or imidacloprid 17.8 SL at 1 ml/l or thiamethoxam at 1 g/l five times at weekly intervals by changing the chemicals after the onset of monsoon to prevent the infestation;

Occurrence and Distribution Fruit flies are serious pests of mangoes in most parts of the world and cause economic losses; India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia in Asia; The insect is distributed throughout India; Host Plants: mango, guava, custard apple, banana, papaya, peaches and plums; Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Family: Tephritidae) Biology Female fly punctures the skin of mature fruits with ovipositor and inserts white banana-shaped/elongated eggs of 150 - 200 ( 6 – 10 /batch) in clusters into mesocarp; On hatching (after 1 – 2 days); Maggots are elongated, cone- shaped and without a leg; the maggots tunnel into the fruit and feed on the pulp; There are three larval stages, usually complete in 11 – 15 days; Full grown maggots left the fruit and dropped in soil to pupate by forming yellowish brown puparium; flies start emerging from April onwards with maximum population during May to July, which coincides with fruit maturity; The adults emerge after 10 – 12 days and may live for a few months. The adults are brown, having transparent wings, yellow legs; They have two horizontal black stripes and longitudinal median stripe on the abdomen from the third segment to the last abdominal segment and appear like “T” shaped pattern; Maggots pupae

Nature of Damage The female punctures the outer wall of the mature fruits with the help of its pointed ovipositor and insert eggs in small clusters inside the mesocarp of mature fruits; Affected fruits bear tiny ovipositional marks on the skin; Maggot bore into semi- ripen fruits with decayed spots and dropping of fruits; Maggot feeding leads to rotting, and the pulp exhibits bad odour; Premature dropping is also noticed in orchards; Oozing of fluid; Brownish rotten patches on fruits; Maggots may be carried with the fruit from field to storage; infection in field as well as in storage of the fruits, which makes them unfit for human consumption.

Occurrence and Distribution the most serious and specific pest of mango; also of quarantine significance; also reported to occur in Australia; South Asia, Central Africa and Pacific Island Biology Females begin oviposition 3 – 4 days after mating, when the fruit is about marble Size; This occurs about mid-March and reaches a peak during the first week of April; The oviposition period varies from 3 to 5 weeks; Creamy white eggs are small, elliptical laid singly in depressions along the fruit surface; Females oviposit on fruits and lay eggs mostly on the sinus of the fruit or sometimes on the stalks; Females used to cover their eggs with brown exudate and also cut very small semicircular area in the fruit at the immediate back of the egg; The female makes a boat-shaped cavity in the skin (epicarp) into which an egg is deposited, which is covered with a brown exudate; The wound creates a sap flow, which solidifies and covers the egg with a protective opaque coating; The eggs hatch in 5 – 7 days; After hatching, the larva burrows through the flesh of the fruit and into the seed; During non-fruiting periods, weevils diapause under loose bark on mango tree trunks and in branch terminals or in crevices near mango trees; A few adults live through two seasons with a diapause period in between; Grubs are white with a brown head; The body of newly hatched grub is curved in ‘C’ shape; extremely slender, elongated and without legs; grub enter into the flesh of the fruit and seed immediately after hatching; the development of the larva completes within the mature seed, also occurs in fruit pulp; The pupa is white but later turns pale red just before the adult Emergence; Pupation occurs in the seed inside the fruit stone; Life cycle is completed in 40 – 50 days; Stone Weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Family: Curculionidae) Source: Infonet Biovision

List of important banana insect-pests in India Common name Scientific name Family Order Borers Rhizome weevil Cosmopolites sordidus Curculionidae Coleoptera Pseudostem borer Odoiporus^ longicollis^ Curculionidae Coleoptera Sucking Pests Banana Aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa f. typica Aphididae Hemiptera Banana thrips Rust thrips: Cheatanophothrips signipennis Bagnall; Leaf thrips: Helionothrips kadaliphilus Ramak; Flower thrips: Thrips florum Schumtz Thripidae Thysanoptera Banana lacewing Stephanitis typicus Distant Tingidae Hemiptera Leaf feeders Cutworm Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera Banana Skipper Erionota torus Hesperidae Lepidoptera

Rhizome weevil: Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) Host range : Banana; Manila hemp, plantain, yam Common name: Banana weevil borer, banana root weevil, banana root borer, banana rhizome weevil, banana borer, plantain weevil, corm weevil, banana beetle Distribution : One of the destructive and major pest known from nearly all-banana growing areas of the world and Southern Asia, Africa, many Pacific islands, Australia, northern South America, most of Central America and the West Indies except from Egypt, Israel and Hawaii. It has been well distributed in India and found throughout the country. C. sordidus has been reported from Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Identification: Stout, reddish/dark brown or grey black coloured beetle; shinning; about 11 mm long; adult has elongated and slightly curved snout with longitudinally striated short elytra. Whitish body larva with dark reddish brown head and last two abdominal segments are modified into plate-like structure which makes a chopped-off appearance in the lateral view