Financial Freedom for Transgenders in Cochin - Prof. Xx, Thesis of Trade and Commerce

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CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

India is one of the oldest civilizations. We have been through many great dynasties and last of which is the British. Now India is an independent country. Freedom is the only thing that drove us through all these hardships, to achieve civil liberties, civil rights, and other forms of political freedom. The journey of India’s growth can be traced highly after the New Economy Policy 1991. Presently, India is one of the emerging and developing country and also it is one of the fastest growing economy of the world. Even though, the Indian economy enjoyed a boom in growth during the year 2014- 2018 , still it was unable to bring down unemployment and poverty rate to a tolerable level. So, GDP is not an appropriate tool to measure the quality of life. However, the quality of life of some Indian citizens have improved drastically over the past few decades. One of the most unsettling fact is that growth has not only been uneven but also discrete which in turn widened social as well as economic inequality to a large extent. In spite of this high growth rate, majority of population including transgender, remained outside the ambit of basic health and education facilities. In addition to this, transgender had to face economic hardship due to restricted opportunities for livelihood. As a result, inclusive growth has become a national policy objective of the Union Government. And thus, the need for inclusive growth comes in the picture of Indian economic development. However, we somehow lost sight of the encroaching threats to our financial freedom. Indeed, after decades of neglect, our financial freedom is now the freedom that is most at risk. This study demonstrates the financial freedom of transgenders and how government, NGOs and SHGs helps in achieving their financial freedom and also to know about their employment and monetary achievements.

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0 : There is no significant relation between gender and awareness level for various scheme provided by government. H0 : There is no significant relation between age and awareness level for various scheme provided by government. H0 : There is no significant relation between educational qualification and awareness level for various scheme provided by government. H0 : There is no significant relation between educational qualification and occupation. H0 : There is no significant relation between income and savings. H0 : There is no significant relation between Gender and Savings. H0 : There is no significant association between financial assistance provided by self-help group for members and non-members. H0 : There is no significant association between financial assistance provided by NGO for members and non-members. H0 : There is no significant relation between occupation and savings. H0 : There is no significant relation between occupation and discrimination. H0 : There is no significant relation between age and savings.

1.6 RESEARCH METHOLOGY

Research methodology is a systematic way to solve the identified problems, to gain knowledge and also give the work plan of research. This study aims to discover empirically the financial freedom and how the various organizations and government help in the overall well-being of transgender community. For this purpose, data was collected through questionnaire method and secondary sources. Findings and suggestions have been made to analyse and improve the economic status of transgender.

➢ POPULATION

This study covers transgenders from Cochin Corporation. ➢ SAMPLING DESIGN Sample for this survey was collected using non-probability sampling techniques and convenience sampling was used. ➢ SELECTION OF SAMPLE The sample size was limited to 50 out of 220 transgenders. ➢ SOURCE OF DATA This project is an attempt to study the impact of Financial freedom of transgender through a mix of both primary as well as secondary data.

• Primary data: Questionnaire method formed the primary research methods. A sample of 50 transgenders from Cochin Corporation were taken to conduct the study.
• Secondary data: The study relied on information from secondary data sources such as census report, India’s annual labour bureau report, articles, journals and reports from government and non-profit organizations. ➢ TOOL FOR DATA ANALYSIS The data collected has been properly tabulated and converted into suitable charts thereby making it easy to draw inference. The statistical tools used are chi-square and anova.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is limited to the transgenders of Cochin Corporation. This study helps to understand the financial freedom of the transgenders and awareness level among transgenders about various financial schemes offered by the government. Furthermore, the result of this study serves as a basis for additional research in the field of transgenders.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

• Some respondents were hesitant to give true response.
• The study was confined to only cochin corporation.
• The sample size is limited.
• More detailed study could not be done due to time constraint.

CHAPTER - 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

LITERATURE REVIEW

With a view to bring forward an adequate foundation for the present investigation, a brief review of literature has been made in this section. But very few literatures were available regarding financial and economic aspect of transgender. (Cahill and south, 2002) Many of the same concerns, but different barriers compared to heterosexual peers. Although they share many of the same human needs and concerns with their heterosexual peers, gay and lesbian elders often experience particular barriers as well. Those barriers include discrimination; unequal treatment under Social Security, pension plans, and 401(k)s; and concerns related to housing, healthcare, and long-term care. (Cahill and south, 2002) The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) elderly population, currently estimated at from 1 million to 3 million people, will increase to between 4 million and 6 million by 2030 (Cahill, South, and Spade, 2000). We can only estimate because most research does not ask about sexual orientation or gender identity. Gerontologists and government researchers could capture much needed information on gay elders by adding a standard sexual orientation "self-identifier" to all surveys. Many gerontologists do acknowledge the need for more research on LGBT elders. But the limited research that does exist indicates that older gay people tend to live out the last decades of their lives very much as they have lived the middle decades. Several studies point to a phenomenon called "crisis competence," whereby the stress and pain of living through years as the targets of homophobia and discrimination do serve to prepare gay elders for the stresses of getting old. In addition, LGBT baby boomers- "out" for most of their lives-are increasingly unwilling to retreat to the closet when they encounter homophobia in aging services. Most gay people of all ages have experienced both "heterosexism" and homophobia. The psychologist Gregory Herek defines heterosexism as "an ideological system that denies, denigrates and stigmatizes any non-heterosexual form of behavior, identity, relationship or community." Homophobia is the fear or hatred of lesbian and gay people based on perceived or actual sexual orientation (Herek, 1992). People also experience gender-related bias because they do not fit into expected male-female gender roles (Green, 1994). People acting out antigay bias may use derogatory language, engage in discriminatory behavior,

they face. Micro, mezzo, and macro practice implications are suggested. (Dickerson,2009) If greater financial freedom means giving people unlimited choices and the unfettered opportunity to go deeper into debt, then less financial freedom and fewer choices would be better for many people because it would make them happier and ultimately increase their well-being. Financially stressed consumers are more likely to suffer from a host of medical problems, including migraines/headaches, stomachaches, back pains, higher rates of cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. These medical conditions, in turn, often lead to anxiety and other psychological issues, most notably depression. People who are financially stressed also may have higher mortality (including suicide) rates. Excessive debt also undermines healthy habits, as financially stressed people tend to avoid or delay medical or dental treatment in order to avoid incurring medical expenses, or they eat cheaper, but less nutritious, food. (Ventouri,Girardone and Chortareas,2013) This paper investigates the dynamics between the financial freedom counterparts of the economic freedom index drawn from the Heritage Foundation database and bank efficiency levels. We rely on a large sample of commercial banks operating in the 27 European Union member states over the 2000s. After estimating bank-specific efficiency scores using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), we develop a truncated regression model combined with bootstrapped confidence intervals to test our main hypotheses. Results suggest that the higher the degree of an economy’s financial freedom, the higher the benefits for banks in terms of cost advantages and overall efficiency. Our results also show that the effects of financial freedom on bank efficiency tend to be more pronounced in countries with freer political systems in which governments formulate and implement sound policies and higher quality governance. (Michelraj 2015) The evolution of transgender community in India. It states about the life of the transgender during Mughal period, British period, and contemporary period. The study concluded that transgender occupied a well-known position in Mughal period, but during the British colonial period transgender faced a lot of obstacles and transgender were declared as third gender by Supreme Court during the contemporary period. (Craig and Mcinroy, 2015) Transgender people are increasingly depicted in both offline and online media. These representations inform the general public about transgender communities and have a significant impact on transgender young peoples’ identity

development and lived experiences. However, despite increasing awareness of this representation, a lack of research persists on the perspectives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth regarding depictions of transgender people in contemporary media. This is despite the fact that this population may be particularly well positioned to consider the impact of these representations on themselves and their peers in the LGBTQ community. In this article the trends in contemporary media representations of transgender individuals are described, the perspectives of LGBTQ youth ( N = 19) regarding these messages are examined, and the particular perspectives of transgender youth participants ( n = 4) are explored. Clinical implications for social work practice are considered, including the potential usefulness of an ecological framework in considering the media engagement of LGBTQ young people. (Bariola and couch 2015) In all, 46.0% of the sample reported high or very high levels of psychological distress. Multivariable regression analyses identified considerably different independent factors for psychological distress and resilience. Younger age, feeling unable to turn to family for support, and victimization experiences were associated with greater psychological distress, whereas higher income, identifying as heterosexual, and having frequent contact with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender peers were associated with greater resilience. With different factors identified for psychological distress and resilience, these findings may help inform the development of tailored mental health interventions and resilience-building programs for this vulnerable population. (Barry, Farrell, Levi, & Venturi, 2016) Legal enforcement are essential to determine the living situation of transgender and also states about equal protection for all types of gender. (Leppel, 2016 ) This study uses data from the National Transgender Discrimination Survey to explore the labor force status of transgender men and women. The data suggest that transgender individuals tend to have higher unemployment rates than those reported elsewhere for the general U.S. population. Differences in the distributions of labor force statuses of transgender men and women were found; women were more likely to be out of the labor force, while men were more likely to be employed. Multinomial logit analysis revealed both similarities and differences in the effects of characteristics that influence labor force status of transgender men and women. In particular, the ability of other people to identify transgender individuals as such increased the odds of both transgender men and

life transitions, multiple social media sites often remain separate, yet work together to facilitate life transitions. (Konduru and Hangsing, 2018) With an increasing issue in India, one of the major social issues concerning within the country is the identity of transgender. Over a decade in India, the issue of transgender has been a matter of quest in both social and cultural context where gender equality still remains a challenging factor towards the development of society because gender stratification much exists in every spheres of life as one of the barriers prevailing within the social structure of India. Similarly, the issue of transgender is still in debate and uncertain even after the Supreme of India recognize them as a third gender people. In this paper I express my views on the issue of transgender in defining their socio

• cultural exclusion and inclusion problems and development process in the society, and Perceptions by the main stream. (John and Sreevalsan, 2019) The transgender community have been looked down upon for generations owing to societal stigma and plain ignorance. This has resulted in a community, brimming with potential, being grossly underutilized. If nudged in the right direction and given impetus in so far as education and equal opportunities are concerned, we would have a solid block in the working class of our country, proactively contributing to the economy and the society in general. The paper has explored the living conditions of transgenders in our country, the prejudice and bias they battle and the limited options they have for sustenance by means of the research. The objective is to understand the existent state of transgenders and inquire into ways of alleviating poverty among them by the encouragement of formal education, spreading awareness on diseases plaguing the community and sensitization of common public to enable equal job opportunities, thereby directly surging their self-esteem and productivity in the society.

CHAPTER - 3

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

➢ POST INDEPENDENCE ERA

The criminal Tribes act 1871 was replaced with the habitual offender’s act 1952 by government of India, but in 2012 Karnataka police act was amended which was similar to criminal Tribes act 1871 which gave arbitrary power to the commissioner to regulate the enunchs. ➢ CONTEMPERORY PERIOD During the modern era, transgenders were declared as the third gender by the Supreme Court of India and also many policies were implemented for the economic, social and cultural promotion of the transgender community 3.1.3 EVOLUTION OF TERMINOLOGY TRANSGENDER In 1965 the famous psychiatrist John F. Oliven coined the term transgender in his reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology, which was earlier used as transsexualism which was actually applied indiscriminately to all crossdressers. Then the term transgender became popular with varying definitions. In 1969 Virginia Prince issued Transvestia, a national magazine for cross dressers. By the mid-1970s the word umbrella term is used to represent trans-gender and trans people. The transgenderist are people who does not undergo sex reassignment surgery (SRS) and wanted to live as cross-gender. By 1976, the abbreviation TG was implemented in education materials for the term transgenderist. The concept of a "transgender community" was emerged in the year 1984 which states that every transgender in the community must be represented as an umbrella term. In 1985, Richard Elkins at the University of Ulster established the "Trans-Gender Archive". By 1992, the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy defined transgender as an expansive umbrella term including "transsexuals, transgenderists, cross dressers", and anyone transitioning. Leslie Feinberg's pamphlet, "Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time has Come", circulated in 1992, identified transgender as a term to unify all forms of gender nonconformity; in this way transgender has become synonymous with queer. Between 1990s and 2000s, FtM and MtF are the two terms that were used under the transgender umbrella. FtM represents “female to male" (FtM) for men who transitioned from female to male, and MtF represents "male to female" (MtF) for women who

transitioned from male to female. These terms were replaced by "trans man" and "trans woman", respectively, and the use of terms "trans-masculine" or "trans-feminine" have been increasing. The shift in use of terms from MtF or FtM or transsexual to terms that highlight gender identity such as transman or transwoman or transgender have reflected a sense of understanding and recognition of transgender people who have not undergone medical reassignment as part of the transgender community. 3.1.4 DECLARATION OF TRANSGENDER AS THIRD GENDER The supreme court judgements on 15 April 2014 (citation WP(Civil)No 400 of 2012), grants transgender the gender identity (third gender status), and also permits them to equal access in education and jobs (since they are treated as) as per the reservation norms of socially and economically backward class, but still the term transgender is unsettled. 3.1.5 TRANSGENDER IN INDIA The first census of India took place in the year 1872, but transgenders were included only in 2011 census report. As per the census report 2011, transgender constitute 0.04% (487803) of the total Indian population. Uttar Pradesh has the highest proportion which constitute 28% of total transgender population followed by 9% in Andhra Pradesh, 8% each in Maharashtra and Bihar. The literacy rate of transgender in India is 56.07%. PARTICULARS INDIA KERALA POPULATION 0.04% (487803) 0.799% (3902) LITERACY RATE 56.07% 84.61%. AGE (0-6) 54854 295 3.1.6 TRANSGENDER IN KERALA The above table shows that Kerala constitute 0.799% (3902) of the total transgender population in India and out of them 84.61% are literate. Out of the total transgender population in Kerala, 295 are aged between 0 to 6 years.

of the chance to have interaction in even basic financial activities. A person has financial freedom if they are able to spend money for what they were wish to purchase or take decision and make predictions regarding future purchases without any obstacles. If a person is chained to financial activities, and not able to spend money into long-term schemes or monthly retirement then the individual lacks financially freedom. Assuming a person is above the economic slavery threshold, whether a person who fails to engage in particular financial transactions has financial freedom would depend on the causes for the failure to participate in those activities and whether that failure is caused by the individual’s lack of responsibility or by factors outside of his control. Even if a person has the so-called financial resources to spent in any financial activities that the individual desires but if they are restricted from doing so by the individual’s economic decision then they lack financial freedom. 3.2.4 FINANCIAL FREEDOM IN INDIA Indian economy rank 120 in the world as India’s economic freedom score is 56.5 in 2020 index and also India has been ranked 28th among 42 countries in the Asia–Pacific region. Over the past five years India growth rate however had been robust still the financial freedom of India is 40. To increase financial freedom in India, government should take initiatives in order to overcome the inadequacies and inefficiency in financial sectors.

CHAPTER - 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION