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FINAL EXAM NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LATEST
2024/ 2025 UPDATE
|QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT |
GRADE A+ – CHAMBERLAIN
"Major Depressive Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER=> SSRIs are the standard first-line treatment for
major depression Initial selection of an antidepressant includes: -Assessment of symptoms -Age -Side effects -Safety -Cost"
"Social Anxiety Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER=> Fear and avoidance of social situations
Example: anxious person may feel very uncomfortable having a conversation or interacting with others and very conscious of being scrutinized and humiliated or rejected by others"
"Schizophrenia Diagnosis: - CORRECT ANSWER=> Advanced neuroimaging techniques have revealed
structural brain abnormalities A consistent finding is the enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles and the widening of frontocortical fissures and sulci ."
"Schizophrenia Positive symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER=> ("More" symptoms):
Hallucinations Delusions Formal thought disorder Bizarre behavior"
"Schizophrenia Negative symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER=> Flattened affect
Alogia Anhedonia Attention deficits Apathy"
"Schizophrenia Cognitive symptoms: - CORRECT ANSWER=> Inability to perform daily tasks requiring
attention and planning"
"Hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER=> Most common thyroid function disorder
Affects between 0.1% and 2% of the U.S. population More common in women and elderly Hormone replacement therapy with the hormone levothyroxine is the treatment of choice"
"Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - CORRECT ANSWER=> TSH released by anterior pituitary
Review hypothalamic-pituitary axis (Picture) Thyroid-releasing hormone (hypothalamus)"
"Hyperthyroidism/ Grave's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> Two most distinguishing factors of Grave's
disease = pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos Treatment directed at controlling excessive TH production, secretion or action and includes antithyroid drug therapy (methimazole or propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine therapy (absorbed only by thyroid tissue, causing death of cells), and surgery Goal of radioactive iodine ablation for the treatment of Grave's disease is to destroy overactive thyroid tissue"
"Stage I CKD - CORRECT ANSWER=> There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
"Stage II CKD - CORRECT ANSWER=> There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
"Stage III CKD - CORRECT ANSWER=> There is a moderate decrease in GFR
"Stage IV CKD - CORRECT ANSWER=> There is a severe decrease in GFR
"Stage V CKD - CORRECT ANSWER=> Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant"
"Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT ANSWER=> Anemia
Hypertension Decreased calcium absorption
Infiltrative Changes: involving the orbital contents with enlargement of the ocular muscles. These changes affect more than half of individuals with Grave's Disease. Increased secretion of hyaluronic acid, adipogenesis, inflammation and edema of the orbital contents results in exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), periorbital edema and extraocular muscle weakness leading to strabismus and diplopia (double vision)"
"Hyperparathyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER=> Characterized by stimulation of parathyroid gland in
response to hypocalcemia"
"Hypercalcemia - CORRECT ANSWER=> Hypercalcemia & Hypophosphatemia may be asymptomatic or
affected individuals may present with symptoms related to the neuromuscular changes that include paresthesias and muscle cramps Patients with hypercalcemia can have low bone density that is most noted in the distal one-third of the radius"
"Hypoparathyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER=> Hypomagnesemia inhibits PTH secretion
Hypomagnesemia may be related to chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, malabsorption, increased renal clearance of magnesium caused by the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics or certain chemotherapeutic agents, or prolonged magnesium-deficient parenteral nutritional therapy"
"Hypocalcemia - CORRECT ANSWER=> Symptoms:
Dry skin Loss of body and scalp hair Hypoplasia of developing teeth Horizontal ridges on nails Cataracts Basal ganglia calcifications Bone deformities Bowing of the long bones"
"Hypercortisolism - CORRECT ANSWER=> Glucose intolerance associated with hypercortisolism
--Occurs because of cortisol-induced insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage by the liver Cushing's syndrome characterized by patterns of fat deposition have been described as "truncal obesity", "moon face" and "buffalo hump""
"Adrenal Crisis- Hypocortisolism - CORRECT ANSWER=> Onset of adrenal crisis is signified by
hypotension
Hypotension can progress to complete vascular collapse and shock. This is known as adrenal crisis or addisonian crisis and develops with undiagnosed disease, acute withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy or the occurrence of infection or other comorbid stressful events"
"Primary Hypocortisolism- Adrenal Insufficiency - CORRECT ANSWER=> Lab work that indicates
primary hypocortisolism: --Serum and urine levels of cortisol are depressed with primary hypocortisolism, and ACTH levels are increased When prescribing cortisol, the NP should keep in mind: --With acute stressors (infection, surgery, trauma), additional cortisol must be administered to approximate the amount of cortisol that might be expected to be secreted if normal adrenal function were present"
"Type 1 Diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER=> Environmental factors:
Viral infections, particularly enteroviruses, coxsackievirus, other infectious microorganisms Helicobacter pylori Exposure to cow's milk proteins Lack of Vitamin D"
"Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER=> According to American Diabetes Association is:
Hemoglobin A1C greater than or equal to 6.5%"
"Actions of Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER=> Insulin promotes glucose uptake mostly in the liver, muscle
and adipose tissue"
"Autonomic Neuropathy-Complication of Diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER=> Autonomic Neuropathy
includes: GI Symptoms: --Decreased esophageal motility --Gastroparesis --Delayed gastric emptying"
"Hypoglycemia - CORRECT ANSWER=> Neurogenic reactions occur when the decrease in blood glucose
level is rapid and present with --Tachycardia --Palpitations --Diaphoresis --Tremors --Pallor --Arousal anxiety"
"Alzheimer's Disease - CORRECT ANSWER=> Decreased short-term memory occurs with mild cognitive
decline as a result of a reduced hippocampus size"
Migraine with aura with visual, sensory or motor symptoms Migraine without aura (most common) Chronic migraine"
"Tension Headache (Tension Type Headache/TTH) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Most prevalent type of
recurrent headache Not vascular or migrainous Average age of onset is during the second decade of life Usually mild to moderate bilateral headache with sensation of a tight band or pressure around head"
"Bell's Palsy - CORRECT ANSWER=> Associated with Cranial Nerve VII paralysis and results in facial
asymmetry and inability to close eye, smile or frown on the affected side"
"Bacterial Meningitis - CORRECT ANSWER=> Associated with compression of Cranial nerve V and
results in severe and sharp stabbing pain that can worsen with chewing"
"Trigeminal neuralgia - CORRECT ANSWER=> Characterized by clinical manifestations of systemic
infection including Characterized by clinical manifestations of systemic infection including --Fever --Tachycardia --Chills And clinical manifestations of meningeal irritation including --Severe throbbing headache --Severe photophobia --Nuchal rigidity --Positive Kernig and Brudzinski signs --Fever --Tachycardia --Chills And clinical manifestations of meningeal irritation including --Severe throbbing headache --Severe photophobia
--Nuchal rigidity --Positive Kernig and Brudzinski signs"
"Cerebrovascular Accident - CORRECT ANSWER=> Review s/s depending on the artery infarcted
Example: infarct in the ACA will result in motor: contralateral paralysis or paresis (greater in foot and thigh) Sensory deficits associated with basilar artery infarct include contralateral loss of vibratory sense, sense of position with dysmetria, loss of two-point discrimination, impaired rapid alternating movements"
"Rosacea - CORRECT ANSWER=> Familial tendency, several genes identified
Neurovascular dysregulation, infection and factors that trigger altered innate and adaptive immune response involved (ex: chronic sun exposure/damage, heat, drinking alcohol or hot beverages, hormonal fluctuations, Demodex folliculorum/mites colonization, mental stress and anxiety)"
"Melanoma - CORRECT ANSWER=> Most aggressive skin cancer
Thickness of lesion impacts prognosis"
"Plaque Psoriasis - CORRECT ANSWER=> Typical lesion is well-demarcated, thick, silery, erythematous
plaque surrounded by normal skin that can appear anywhere on the body"
“Acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWER=> Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are functioning well"
"Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER=> Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult;
can be similar to cystitis Diagnosis established by: -Urine culture -Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present) -Signs/Symptoms -Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging"
"Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT ANSWER=> Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain Promote passage of stone Reduce size of stone Prevent new stone formation"
