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EXAM 1 A&P THEORY GALEN QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS | UPDATE 2024 | GRADED A
What is regional anatomy? Study of interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region EX. abdomen What is systemic anatomy? The study of the structures that make up a discrete body system What are enzyme proteins? Biological catalysts Lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction (millions of reactions per minute$ Often Mamés for the reaction they catalyze; Usuallly end in - ASE ( hydrolases, oxidases) What is protein denaturation? Shape change and disruption of active sites die to environmental changes (decreased PH or increased temperature) Reversible if normal conditions are restored Irreversible is extreme changes damage the structure beyond repair (Cooking an egg) What is the tertiary structure of a protein? Superimposed on secondary structure. Alpha helices and beta sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intermolecular bonds.
What is the quaternary structure of a protein? A hemoglobin molecule What is a fibrous (structural) protein? Strand like, water insoluble, and stable Made up of keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers What are neutral solutions? Ph of 7 contains equal numbers of H+ and OH- How is pH regulated? by kidneys, lungs, and chemical buffers A slight change in ph can be fatal Ph change interferes with cell function and may damage living tissue Why is acidity important? H+ are looking for electrons to balance out They will attack other molecules to get these electrons When other molecules lose electrons their structures may decompose Ex. Hemoglobin will denature if H+ is too high
What are the 4 common functions of all living things? Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Movement Nucleic acids DNA and RNA Different sugars - ribose and deoxyrbrose Number is strands Different in bases RNA uracil DNA thymine high energy phosphate bond The bond between two phosphates in an ADP or ATP molecule that readily releases its energy for cellular processes What is the function of ATP? Phosphorylation: Terminal phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules. Such "primed" molecules perform cellular work (life processes) using the phosphate bond energy.
What is homeostasis? The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things What are the six levels of structural organization? chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal What is the chemical level? atoms combine to form molecules What is the cellular level? A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell What is the tissue level? A community of similar cells form a body tissue What is developmental anatomy? The changes the body goes through in life. Which includes differentiation in which i specialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body When is brain damage likely without oxygen? 4 - 7 minutes
Effector; the component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range What is positive feedback? Body ENHANCES original stimulus to make deviation greater What is an example of positive feedback? Blood clotting. The initial clotting triggers the formation of more clots. Childbirth. Nerve signals. What happens when homeostasis is not maintained? Pathophysologys develop HBP, diabetes, stroke What is thermoregulation? regulation of body temperature What are some examples of negative feedback? Body temp, BP, Ph, hormonal release, blood glucose ATP (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space What are atoms composed of? protons, neutrons, electrons What are elements? An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. What are some examples of elements? carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium What is chemistry? the study of matter What four elements make up 96% of all living matter? carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen Elements are composed of atoms Protons carry what charge?
What are unstable isotopes called? radioisotopes Radioisotopes do what to tissue? Damages it I.E cancer cells or excess thyroid tissue How are molecules formed? When two or more of the SAME atoms bond together EX. H2, O2, N2, CL How are compounds formed? Formed by two or more DIFFERENT atoms Ex. Salt is sodium and chloride, H2O, No2, CO What is the most abundant compound in the body? water What does water do for the body? Dissolving, temperature regulator, lubricant, chemical reactions break down of carbohydrates and buildup of protein, protective cushion csf & amniotic fluid How is carbon dioxide produced?
When food is chemically broken down for energy and then expelled from the body through exhalation What is an ionic bond? transfer of electrons between atoms Ex Sodium has one electron in the outer shell Chlorine has 7 electrons in the outer shell They are attracted so an ionic bond is formed This ionic bond is NaCl table salt What are ions? Elements that carry an electrical charge? Cation has a POSITIVE charge Na+ Anion has a NEGATIVE charge Cl- What is an electrolyte? Substance that formed when ions when dissolved in water and is capable of conducting electrical current What is a covalent bond?
- Sharing of electrons by outer shells of atoms
- Carbon with four electrons bonds with O, N, and H and other carbon atoms.
- form complex molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates What is a hydrogen bond?
What type of reaction is decomposition? A bond is being broken What type of reaction is exchange? Bonds are being broken and formed examples of inorganic compounds water, salts, acids, bases (do not contain carbon)
- ionic compounds that dissociate in water
- contains cations other than H and anions other than OH- Ions conduct electrical currents in solution Ions plan specialized roles in body functions ( sodium potassium calcium and iron Both are electrolytes, acids are proton donors HCL - > h+ + Cl- Bases are proton acceptors NaOh - > Na+ + Oh- Bicarbonate ion and ammonia are important bases in the body (Hco3- & NH3) What are organic compounds? Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids Contain carbon, usually large, and are covalently bonded (Except CO2 and Co which are inorganic!!!!)
Organic compounds are Unique to living systems Many are polymers Synthesized by dehydration synthesis Broken down by hydrolysis Acid solutions contain H+, as H+ in's reads what increases? Higher hydrogen h+ lower PH Alkaline solutions contain bases ex OH- so when hydrogen decreases? Ph increases alkalinity What are organic macromolecules? Building blocks such as Carbohydrates - > monosaccharides Lipids - > FA and glycerols Proteins - > amino acids DNA/RNA - > nucleotides What do carbohydrates contain? Sugars and starches Contain C H O
What is the function of triglycerides and neutral fasts Energy storage, insulation, protection for What is the function of phospholipids? "Head" and "tail" regions have different properties Important cell membrane structure What is the function of steroids? Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts
- an interlocking four ring structure What is the function of saturated fatty acids? Single bonds between C atoms maximum number of H Butter Examples of unsaturated fatty acids One or more double bonds between c atoms Reduced number of h atoms Plant oils such as olive oil Two fatty acid chains and a phosphorus containing group are attached to the Glycerol backbone
four interlocking hydrocarbon rings Form a steroid example cholesterol ( basis for all steroids formed in the body) What are proteins? Strings of amino acids (peptides) All have the same amino group backbone but different side chains The manner in which amino acids come together makes them functional working molecules within all cells What is the primary structure of a protein? polypeptide chain What is the secondary structure of a protein? A-helix structure What are the two types of metabolism? What do they do? Anabolic builds Catabolic breaks down metabolic processes
2 Types of energy Kinetic Energy- moving Potential Energy- stored AB+CD=AD+CB is what type of reaction? Exchange reaction A+B=AB is what type of reaction? Synthesis/Anabolic Reactions (Dehydration) AB=A+B is what type of reaction? Decomposition/Catabolic Reactions (Hydrolysis) o AB A + B Enzymes Lower Activation Energy Energy required to start a reaction 2 types of Reactions Exergonic Reactions: Release energy Endergonic Reactions: Absorb energy
Types of compounds Inorganic Compounds: Small, NO Carbon or Hydrogen Organic Compounds: Carbon covalently bonded, Larger and more complex Three General Properties of water Essential reactant --Dehydration Synthesis --Hydrolysis Very high heat capacity Excellent solvent Normal pH of blood/body 7.35-7. Acid Below 7 Proton Donors Ex: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Base Above 7 Proton Acceptor Hydroxide (OH)
