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ETHICS IN COLLEGE THAT WILL MAY HELP YOU TO STUDY, Study notes of Ethics

Its all about ethics. Study well so that you can pass you education or subject.

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2022/2023

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Handouts in Ethics
The word ethics came from the Greek word EthoS which means custom or character.
Studies the righteousness or wrongness of human action.
How human person ought to act.
Two Views on Ethics
Greek Tradition Judeo-Christian Tradition
The main goal is to have a
"Good Life" The main goal is "The ideas of righteousness before God"
Being happy Doing what is right
Importance of rules - Rules area set of guidelines that got created in communities and countries
and get used all as a standard. These rules usually differ from one place to the other and the
differences are often determined by factors such as social interactions, beliefs, policies, and the
method of governance in place. Also, the violators of these rules are often handled by the
penalties which the laws of the land for the violation.
T ypes of Applied Ethics
• Bioethics- This concerns with ethical issues about life, biomedical researches, medicines,
health care, and the medical profession.
• Business Ethics - It examines moral principles concerning the business environment, which
involves issues about corporate practices and policies.
Environmental Ethics - It deals with moral issues concerning nature, ecosystem, and its
nonhuman contents.
•Sexual Ethics- It studies moral issues about sexUality and human sexual behavior.
•Moral - It is an adjective describing human act as either ethical right or wrong.
•Moral standards - Are norms that serves as the frameworks for determining what ought to be
done.
Moral standards
CONSEQUENCE STANDARD NON-CONSEQUENCE
STANDARD
Depends on result or
outcome.
Greatest good of greatest
numbers.
Based on the Natural Laws.
Law of God that is written in
the hearts of men.
Based on goodwil
Sense of duty that you wish to
apply to all human-person.
Non-Moral standards:
a. Social Rules
b. Etiquette
c. Good Manners
COMPLIANCE OR NON-COMPLIANCE
MORAL STANDARD NON-MORAL STANDARD
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Handouts in Ethics  The word ethics came from the Greek word EthoS which means custom or character.  Studies the righteousness or wrongness of human action.  How human person ought to act. Two Views on Ethics Greek Tradition Judeo-Christian Tradition The main goal is to have a "Good Life" The main goal is "The ideas of righteousness before God" Being happy Doing what is right Importance of rules - Rules area set of guidelines that got created in communities and countries and get used all as a standard. These rules usually differ from one place to the other and the differences are often determined by factors such as social interactions, beliefs, policies, and the method of governance in place. Also, the violators of these rules are often handled by the penalties which the laws of the land for the violation. Types of Applied Ethics

  • Bioethics- This concerns with ethical issues about life, biomedical researches, medicines, health care, and the medical profession.
  • Business Ethics - It examines moral principles concerning the business environment, which involves issues about corporate practices and policies.
  • Environmental Ethics - It deals with moral issues concerning nature, ecosystem, and its nonhuman contents.
  • Sexual Ethics- It studies moral issues about sexUality and human sexual behavior.
  • Moral - It is an adjective describing human act as either ethical right or wrong.
  • Moral standards - Are norms that serves as the frameworks for determining what ought to be done. Moral standards CONSEQUENCE STANDARD NON-CONSEQUENCE STANDARD Depends on result or outcome. Greatest good of greatest numbers. Based on the Natural Laws. Law of God that is written in the hearts of men. Based on goodwil Sense of duty that you wish to apply to all human-person. Non-Moral standards: a. Social Rules b. Etiquette c. Good Manners COMPLIANCE OR NON-COMPLIANCE MORAL STANDARD NON-MORAL STANDARD

Causes guilt. May only cause shame and embarrassment. CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES OF MORALS STANDARDS- GARNER AND ROSEN (1967) CONSEQUENCE STANDARD NOT-ONLY CONSEQUENCE STANDARD Teleological Deontological The act is wrong depending on the consequences of the act. Right and wrong depends on the sense of duty Natural Law . WHAT MAKES STANDARD MORAL? THEIST NON -THEIST Moral standards are commandments of God revealed to man through prophet Based on sages like Confucius and Kant Don't do unto others what you don't want others to do unto you. -Confucius "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should became a universal law" - Immanuel Kant, Categorical Imperative. FREEDOM  Exercising our capacity to make decisions, choose or life path and direct the course of our I've through our own steering/  Human has freedom.  Dilemmas presuppose Freedom  Without freedom it is impossible to make moral choice  Making moral choice is a necessary consequence for being free, a consequence of being human person. FACTICITY - Refers to the "givens" of our situation CULTURE  Total way of life.  Ralph Linton (1945]) defined the culture of a society as the way of life of its members: the collection of ideas and habits which they learn, share and transmit from generation to generation' How is culture transmitted?  Enculturation  AccUlturation  Assimilation CULTURAL RELATIVISM - The idea that a person's beliefs, values and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of

Philosopher - For them., whatever a human peson is or will be a result of creative process.

  • Martin Heidegger, Gabriel marcel and Martin Buber. See themselves as being-with-others, inseparably related to their fellow man, The Development of Moral Character Of The Moral Agent DEFINING MOMENTS - Refers to the life changing event or moment that revertberates throughout your career and personal life and so changes everything. Relationship between moral acts and character "The person who has moral character does moral actions more readily Stages of moral development:
  1. Pre-Conventional
  2. Conventional
  3. Post-Conventional Human Act Act of Human Acts of moral agent. Actions merely happen in the body without the awareness of mind. Involves reasoning. Breathing, blinking of the eyes, dilation of pupil of the eye. perspiring and jerking of the knee. Observing prescribed diet, tutoring the slow learners and preparing the board exam. The determinants of the morality of human act: The object of the act The end, or purpose Its Circumstances For an act to be morally good, all three determinants must be without flaw. FEELINGS AND MORAL DECISION MAKING FEELINGS is an emotional state or reaction, experience of physical sensation like feeling of joy. feeling of warmth, love affection, tenderness, etc. FEELINGS as Instinctive response to moral dilemma - Severol studies conclude that up to 90% of the decisions we made are based on emotion. They can be obstacle but they can also help in making right decisions. Ethical Subjectivism
  • Moral statements_cannot be objective because it is only people's perception and attitudes that makes them right or wrong.
  • It highlights the subjectivity of morality it is always dependent on feelings.
  • It allows us to see convicting intentions behind moral statements.
  • People may get involved in an argument by ethical subjectivism to persuade the opponent to follow their point of view but not to disprove their objective truth.

2 Versions:

  1. Simple subjectivism - One can only approve or disapprove of the things that he states to be good or bad in aspects of morality.
  2. Emotivism - Moral Statements simply reflects preference. Moral Statements are neither used

to state facts nor to convey information instead it serves as means of affecting human behavior and expressing one's feelings and emotion. Known as Boo-Hooray Theory. RULE OF REASON - When we make any kinds of judgment we must reinforce them for valid reason.

- Feelings can help in making right decision Subjective feelings sometimes matter when deciding between right and wrong. Emotions, like our love for our friends and family, are a crUcial part of what gives life meaning. and ought to play a guiding role in morality. Reason and Impartiality as Minimum Requirement for Morality Reason - is the basis or motive for an action, decision, or conviction. Impartiality - is a principle of justice holding that decisions ought to be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons. The 7-step model is as follows:

  1. Gather the facts
  2. Determine the ethical issues
  3. Determine what virtues/principles have a bearing on the case
  4. List the alternatives
  5. Compare the alternatives with the virtues/principles
  6. Consider the consequences
  7. Make a decision Will - refers to that focusity of mind which chooses, at the moment of making decision, the strongest desire from among the various present. Moral Courage - means doing right thing even at the risk of inconvenience, ridicule, punishment or loss of job, security or social status. ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS
  • Isaset of codes that an individual uses to guide his or her behavior
  • Also known os "Moral Standard".
  • It's what people use to distinguish right from wrong in the way they interact in the worid. Dominant Mental Frames :
  1. Virtue or Character Ethics
  2. Natural Law or Commandment Ethics
  3. Deontological and Duty Framework
  4. Utilitarianist Teleological and Consequentialist Approach
  5. Love and Justice Framework 1. ARISTOTLE VIRTUE ETHICS This question focuses on the character traits one is supposed to have in order for that person to be considered os ethical.
  • An ethical person is a virtuous person.
  • Virtue ethics is Person-based Rather than action-based. Aristotle - A Philosopher from m Stagira, he wrote a lot of ranging topics in various disciplines. •"Good character is the indispensable condition and chief determinant of happiness, itself the

oUr action (something over which we ultimately have no control) but about having the proper intention in performing the action. THE ETHICAL ACTION IS ONE TAKEN FROM THE DUTY, •How important is the intention in the analysis of one's ethical behavior?

  • Whatever result may happen as consequence of the act is not included in this moral assessment. Thus, it is possible that though the consequence was not the desired result, or may result in something bad, still the act can be considered good. •A person should be morally judged only on things. that ore within his control, in short those that he willed.
  • An action is legally right if it is the same in accordance with a universal low, that is, in accordance with the categorical imperative 4. UTILITARIANISM: THE CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICAL FRAMEWORK An action is morally right if it maximizes overall well-being and happiness. "The said truth is that it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong" -Jeremy Bentham Bentham studied law and wrote on ethics, politics, economics and the law. He is known as the founder of Utilitarianism. The primary motivation of human behavior is the desire for pleasure and the avoidance of pain. Hedonism -The pursuit of pleasure. "l have learned to seek my happiness by limiting my desires, rather than in attempting to satisfy them" -John Stuart Mil He continued Bentham's legacy and generally Credited for having popularized it. As utilitarian, he lived its tenet and found that one of the secrets of happiness is the limitation of desire. 5. JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS PROMOTING COMMON GOOD  Social Justice is equal access to wealth, opportunities and privileges within society.  Promotion of Social Justice is equivalent to promotion of the common good.  Common Good - refers to those facilities that the members of community provide to all members in order to fulfill a relational obligation they all have to care for certain interests that they have in common.  When the government improves public property and services, and develops the natural resources, it simultaneously promotes equal access to wealth, opportunities, and privileges within society.