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Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the legislation.gov.uk editorial team to Equality Act 2010. Any changes that have already been made by the team appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)
ELIZABETH II c. 15
Equality Act 2010
2010 CHAPTER 15
An Act to make provision to require Ministers of the Crown and others when making
strategic decisions about the exercise of their functions to have regard to the desirability
of reducing socio-economic inequalities; to reform and harmonise equality law and
restate the greater part of the enactments relating to discrimination and harassment
related to certain personal characteristics; to enable certain employers to be required to
publish information about the differences in pay between male and female employees;
to prohibit victimisation in certain circumstances; to require the exercise of certain
functions to be with regard to the need to eliminate discrimination and other prohibited
conduct; to enable duties to be imposed in relation to the exercise of public procurement
functions; to increase equality of opportunity; to amend the law relating to rights and
responsibilities in family relationships; and for connected purposes. [8th April 2010]
BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—
PART 1
SOCIO-ECONOMIC INEQUALITIES
1 Public sector duty regarding socio-economic inequalities
(1) An authority to which this section applies must, when making decisions of a strategic nature about how to exercise its functions, have due regard to the desirability of exercising them in a way that is designed to reduce the inequalities of outcome which result from socio-economic disadvantage.
(2) In deciding how to fulfil a duty to which it is subject under subsection (1), an authority must take into account any guidance issued by a Minister of the Crown.
Part 1 – Socio-economic inequalities Document Printed: 2010-10- Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the legislation.gov.uk editorial team to Equality Act 2010. Any changes that have already been made by the team appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)
(3) The authorities to which this section applies are— (a) a Minister of the Crown; (b) a government department other than the Security Service, the Secret Intelligence Service or the Government Communications Head-quarters; (c) a county council or district council in England; (d) the Greater London Authority; (e) a London borough council; (f) the Common Council of the City of London in its capacity as a local authority; (g) the Council of the Isles of Scilly; (h) a Strategic Health Authority established under section 13 of the National Health Service Act 2006, or continued in existence by virtue of that section; (i) a Primary Care Trust established under section 18 of that Act, or continued in existence by virtue of that section; (j) a regional development agency established by the Regional Development Agencies Act 1998; (k) a police authority established for an area in England.
(4) This section also applies to an authority that— (a) is a partner authority in relation to a responsible local authority, and (b) does not fall within subsection (3), but only in relation to its participation in the preparation or modification of a sustainable community strategy.
(5) In subsection (4)— “partner authority” has the meaning given by section 104 of the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007; “responsible local authority” has the meaning given by section 103 of that Act; “sustainable community strategy” means a strategy prepared under section 4 of the Local Government Act 2000.
(6) The reference to inequalities in subsection (1) does not include any inequalities experienced by a person as a result of being a person subject to immigration control within the meaning given by section 115(9) of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999.
2 Power to amend section 1
(1) A Minister of the Crown may by regulations amend section 1 so as to— (a) add a public authority to the authorities that are subject to the duty under subsection (1) of that section; (b) remove an authority from those that are subject to the duty; (c) make the duty apply, in the case of a particular authority, only in relation to certain functions that it has; (d) in the case of an authority to which the application of the duty is already restricted to certain functions, remove or alter the restriction.
(2) In subsection (1) “public authority” means an authority that has functions of a public nature.
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(b) a function is a devolved Welsh function if it relates to a matter in respect of which functions are exercisable by the Welsh Ministers, the First Minister for Wales or the Counsel General to the Welsh Assembly Government, or to a matter within the legislative competence of the National Assembly for Wales.
3 Enforcement
A failure in respect of a performance of a duty under section 1 does not confer a cause of action at private law.
PART 2
EQUALITY: KEY CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 1
PROTECTED CHARACTERISTICS
4 The protected characteristics
The following characteristics are protected characteristics— age; disability; gender reassignment; marriage and civil partnership; pregnancy and maternity; race; religion or belief; sex; sexual orientation.
5 Age
(1) In relation to the protected characteristic of age— (a) a reference to a person who has a particular protected characteristic is a reference to a person of a particular age group; (b) a reference to persons who share a protected characteristic is a reference to persons of the same age group.
(2) A reference to an age group is a reference to a group of persons defined by reference to age, whether by reference to a particular age or to a range of ages.
6 Disability
(1) A person (P) has a disability if— (a) P has a physical or mental impairment, and (b) the impairment has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on P's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.
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(2) A reference to a disabled person is a reference to a person who has a disability.
(3) In relation to the protected characteristic of disability— (a) a reference to a person who has a particular protected characteristic is a reference to a person who has a particular disability; (b) a reference to persons who share a protected characteristic is a reference to persons who have the same disability.
(4) This Act (except Part 12 and section 190) applies in relation to a person who has had a disability as it applies in relation to a person who has the disability; accordingly (except in that Part and that section)— (a) a reference (however expressed) to a person who has a disability includes a reference to a person who has had the disability, and (b) a reference (however expressed) to a person who does not have a disability includes a reference to a person who has not had the disability.
(5) A Minister of the Crown may issue guidance about matters to be taken into account in deciding any question for the purposes of subsection (1).
(6) Schedule 1 (disability: supplementary provision) has effect.
7 Gender reassignment
(1) A person has the protected characteristic of gender reassignment if the person is proposing to undergo, is undergoing or has undergone a process (or part of a process) for the purpose of reassigning the person's sex by changing physiological or other attributes of sex.
(2) A reference to a transsexual person is a reference to a person who has the protected characteristic of gender reassignment.
(3) In relation to the protected characteristic of gender reassignment— (a) a reference to a person who has a particular protected characteristic is a reference to a transsexual person; (b) a reference to persons who share a protected characteristic is a reference to transsexual persons.
8 Marriage and civil partnership
(1) A person has the protected characteristic of marriage and civil partnership if the person is married or is a civil partner.
(2) In relation to the protected characteristic of marriage and civil partnership— (a) a reference to a person who has a particular protected characteristic is a reference to a person who is married or is a civil partner; (b) a reference to persons who share a protected characteristic is a reference to persons who are married or are civil partners.
9 Race
(1) Race includes— (a) colour;
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(2) In relation to the protected characteristic of sexual orientation— (a) a reference to a person who has a particular protected characteristic is a reference to a person who is of a particular sexual orientation; (b) a reference to persons who share a protected characteristic is a reference to persons who are of the same sexual orientation.
CHAPTER 2
PROHIBITED CONDUCT
Discrimination
13 Direct discrimination
(1) A person (A) discriminates against another (B) if, because of a protected characteristic, A treats B less favourably than A treats or would treat others.
(2) If the protected characteristic is age, A does not discriminate against B if A can show A's treatment of B to be a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim.
(3) If the protected characteristic is disability, and B is not a disabled person, A does not discriminate against B only because A treats or would treat disabled persons more favourably than A treats B.
(4) If the protected characteristic is marriage and civil partnership, this section applies to a contravention of Part 5 (work) only if the treatment is because it is B who is married or a civil partner.
(5) If the protected characteristic is race, less favourable treatment includes segregating B from others.
(6) If the protected characteristic is sex— (a) less favourable treatment of a woman includes less favourable treatment of her because she is breast-feeding; (b) in a case where B is a man, no account is to be taken of special treatment afforded to a woman in connection with pregnancy or childbirth.
(7) Subsection (6)(a) does not apply for the purposes of Part 5 (work).
(8) This section is subject to sections 17(6) and 18(7).
14 Combined discrimination: dual characteristics
(1) A person (A) discriminates against another (B) if, because of a combination of two relevant protected characteristics, A treats B less favourably than A treats or would treat a person who does not share either of those characteristics.
(2) The relevant protected characteristics are— (a) age; (b) disability; (c) gender reassignment; (d) race
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(e) religion or belief; (f) sex; (g) sexual orientation.
(3) For the purposes of establishing a contravention of this Act by virtue of subsection (1), B need not show that A's treatment of B is direct discrimination because of each of the characteristics in the combination (taken separately).
(4) But B cannot establish a contravention of this Act by virtue of subsection (1) if, in reliance on another provision of this Act or any other enactment, A shows that A's treatment of B is not direct discrimination because of either or both of the characteristics in the combination.
(5) Subsection (1) does not apply to a combination of characteristics that includes disability in circumstances where, if a claim of direct discrimination because of disability were to be brought, it would come within section 116 (special educational needs).
(6) A Minister of the Crown may by order amend this section so as to— (a) make further provision about circumstances in which B can, or in which B cannot, establish a contravention of this Act by virtue of subsection (1); (b) specify other circumstances in which subsection (1) does not apply.
(7) The references to direct discrimination are to a contravention of this Act by virtue of section 13.
15 Discrimination arising from disability
(1) A person (A) discriminates against a disabled person (B) if— (a) A treats B unfavourably because of something arising in consequence of B's disability, and (b) A cannot show that the treatment is a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if A shows that A did not know, and could not reasonably have been expected to know, that B had the disability.
16 Gender reassignment discrimination: cases of absence from work
(1) This section has effect for the purposes of the application of Part 5 (work) to the protected characteristic of gender reassignment.
(2) A person (A) discriminates against a transsexual person (B) if, in relation to an absence of B's that is because of gender reassignment, A treats B less favourably than A would treat B if— (a) B's absence was because of sickness or injury, or (b) B's absence was for some other reason and it is not reasonable for B to be treated less favourably.
(3) A person's absence is because of gender reassignment if it is because the person is proposing to undergo, is undergoing or has undergone the process (or part of the process) mentioned in section 7(1).
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(a) if she has the right to ordinary and additional maternity leave, at the end of the additional maternity leave period or (if earlier) when she returns to work after the pregnancy; (b) if she does not have that right, at the end of the period of 2 weeks beginning with the end of the pregnancy.
(7) Section 13, so far as relating to sex discrimination, does not apply to treatment of a woman in so far as— (a) it is in the protected period in relation to her and is for a reason mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) of subsection (2), or (b) it is for a reason mentioned in subsection (3) or (4).
19 Indirect discrimination
(1) A person (A) discriminates against another (B) if A applies to B a provision, criterion or practice which is discriminatory in relation to a relevant protected characteristic of B's.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), a provision, criterion or practice is discriminatory in relation to a relevant protected characteristic of B's if— (a) A applies, or would apply, it to persons with whom B does not share the characteristic, (b) it puts, or would put, persons with whom B shares the characteristic at a particular disadvantage when compared with persons with whom B does not share it, (c) it puts, or would put, B at that disadvantage, and (d) A cannot show it to be a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim.
(3) The relevant protected characteristics are— age; disability; gender reassignment; marriage and civil partnership; race; religion or belief; sex; sexual orientation.
Adjustments for disabled persons
20 Duty to make adjustments
(1) Where this Act imposes a duty to make reasonable adjustments on a person, this section, sections 21 and 22 and the applicable Schedule apply; and for those purposes, a person on whom the duty is imposed is referred to as A.
(2) The duty comprises the following three requirements.
(3) The first requirement is a requirement, where a provision, criterion or practice of A's puts a disabled person at a substantial disadvantage in relation to a relevant matter in comparison with persons who are not disabled, to take such steps as it is reasonable to have to take to avoid the disadvantage.
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(4) The second requirement is a requirement, where a physical feature puts a disabled person at a substantial disadvantage in relation to a relevant matter in comparison with persons who are not disabled, to take such steps as it is reasonable to have to take to avoid the disadvantage.
(5) The third requirement is a requirement, where a disabled person would, but for the provision of an auxiliary aid, be put at a substantial disadvantage in relation to a relevant matter in comparison with persons who are not disabled, to take such steps as it is reasonable to have to take to provide the auxiliary aid.
(6) Where the first or third requirement relates to the provision of information, the steps which it is reasonable for A to have to take include steps for ensuring that in the circumstances concerned the information is provided in an accessible format.
(7) A person (A) who is subject to a duty to make reasonable adjustments is not (subject to express provision to the contrary) entitled to require a disabled person, in relation to whom A is required to comply with the duty, to pay to any extent A's costs of complying with the duty.
(8) A reference in section 21 or 22 or an applicable Schedule to the first, second or third requirement is to be construed in accordance with this section.
(9) In relation to the second requirement, a reference in this section or an applicable Schedule to avoiding a substantial disadvantage includes a reference to— (a) removing the physical feature in question, (b) altering it, or (c) providing a reasonable means of avoiding it.
(10) A reference in this section, section 21 or 22 or an applicable Schedule (apart from paragraphs 2 to 4 of Schedule 4) to a physical feature is a reference to— (a) a feature arising from the design or construction of a building, (b) a feature of an approach to, exit from or access to a building, (c) a fixture or fitting, or furniture, furnishings, materials, equipment or other chattels, in or on premises, or (d) any other physical element or quality.
(11) A reference in this section, section 21 or 22 or an applicable Schedule to an auxiliary aid includes a reference to an auxiliary service.
(12) A reference in this section or an applicable Schedule to chattels is to be read, in relation to Scotland, as a reference to moveable property.
(13) The applicable Schedule is, in relation to the Part of this Act specified in the first column of the Table, the Schedule specified in the second column.
Part of this Act Applicable Schedule Part 3 (services and public functions) Schedule 2 Part 4 (premises) Schedule 4 Part 5 (work) Schedule 8 Part 6 (education) Schedule 13 Part 7 (associations) Schedule 15
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24 Irrelevance of alleged discriminator's characteristics
(1) For the purpose of establishing a contravention of this Act by virtue of section 13(1), it does not matter whether A has the protected characteristic.
(2) For the purpose of establishing a contravention of this Act by virtue of section 14(1), it does not matter— (a) whether A has one of the protected characteristics in the combination; (b) whether A has both.
25 References to particular strands of discrimination
(1) Age discrimination is— (a) discrimination within section 13 because of age; (b) discrimination within section 19 where the relevant protected characteristic is age.
(2) Disability discrimination is— (a) discrimination within section 13 because of disability; (b) discrimination within section 15; (c) discrimination within section 19 where the relevant protected characteristic is disability; (d) discrimination within section 21.
(3) Gender reassignment discrimination is— (a) discrimination within section 13 because of gender reassignment; (b) discrimination within section 16; (c) discrimination within section 19 where the relevant protected characteristic is gender reassignment.
(4) Marriage and civil partnership discrimination is— (a) discrimination within section 13 because of marriage and civil partnership; (b) discrimination within section 19 where the relevant protected characteristic is marriage and civil partnership.
(5) Pregnancy and maternity discrimination is discrimination within section 17 or 18.
(6) Race discrimination is— (a) discrimination within section 13 because of race; (b) discrimination within section 19 where the relevant protected characteristic is race.
(7) Religious or belief-related discrimination is— (a) discrimination within section 13 because of religion or belief; (b) discrimination within section 19 where the relevant protected characteristic is religion or belief.
(8) Sex discrimination is— (a) discrimination within section 13 because of sex; (b) discrimination within section 19 where the relevant protected characteristic is sex.
(9) Sexual orientation discrimination is—
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(a) discrimination within section 13 because of sexual orientation; (b) discrimination within section 19 where the relevant protected characteristic is sexual orientation.
Other prohibited conduct
26 Harassment
(1) A person (A) harasses another (B) if— (a) A engages in unwanted conduct related to a relevant protected characteristic, and (b) the conduct has the purpose or effect of— (i) violating B's dignity, or (ii) creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for B.
(2) A also harasses B if— (a) A engages in unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, and (b) the conduct has the purpose or effect referred to in subsection (1)(b).
(3) A also harasses B if— (a) A or another person engages in unwanted conduct of a sexual nature or that is related to gender reassignment or sex, (b) the conduct has the purpose or effect referred to in subsection (1)(b), and (c) because of B's rejection of or submission to the conduct, A treats B less favourably than A would treat B if B had not rejected or submitted to the conduct.
(4) In deciding whether conduct has the effect referred to in subsection (1)(b), each of the following must be taken into account— (a) the perception of B; (b) the other circumstances of the case; (c) whether it is reasonable for the conduct to have that effect.
(5) The relevant protected characteristics are— age; disability; gender reassignment; race; religion or belief; sex; sexual orientation.
27 Victimisation
(1) A person (A) victimises another person (B) if A subjects B to a detriment because— (a) B does a protected act, or (b) A believes that B has done, or may do, a protected act.
(2) Each of the following is a protected act—
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(3) A service-provider must not, in relation to the provision of the service, harass— (a) a person requiring the service, or (b) a person to whom the service-provider provides the service.
(4) A service-provider must not victimise a person requiring the service by not providing the person with the service.
(5) A service-provider (A) must not, in providing the service, victimise a person (B)— (a) as to the terms on which A provides the service to B; (b) by terminating the provision of the service to B; (c) by subjecting B to any other detriment.
(6) A person must not, in the exercise of a public function that is not the provision of a service to the public or a section of the public, do anything that constitutes discrimination, harassment or victimisation.
(7) A duty to make reasonable adjustments applies to— (a) a service-provider (and see also section 55(7)); (b) a person who exercises a public function that is not the provision of a service to the public or a section of the public.
(8) In the application of section 26 for the purposes of subsection (3), and subsection (6) as it relates to harassment, neither of the following is a relevant protected characteristic— (a) religion or belief; (b) sexual orientation.
(9) In the application of this section, so far as relating to race or religion or belief, to the granting of entry clearance (within the meaning of the Immigration Act 1971), it does not matter whether an act is done within or outside the United Kingdom.
(10) Subsection (9) does not affect the application of any other provision of this Act to conduct outside England and Wales or Scotland.
Supplementary
30 Ships and hovercraft
(1) This Part (subject to subsection (2)) applies only in such circumstances as are prescribed in relation to— (a) transporting people by ship or hovercraft; (b) a service provided on a ship or hovercraft.
(2) Section 29(6) applies in relation to the matters referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1); but in so far as it relates to disability discrimination, section 29(6) applies to those matters only in such circumstances as are prescribed.
(3) It does not matter whether the ship or hovercraft is within or outside the United Kingdom.
(4) “Ship” has the same meaning as in the Merchant Shipping Act 1995.
(5) “Hovercraft” has the same meaning as in the Hovercraft Act 1968.
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(6) Nothing in this section affects the application of any other provision of this Act to conduct outside England and Wales or Scotland.
31 Interpretation and exceptions
(1) This section applies for the purposes of this Part.
(2) A reference to the provision of a service includes a reference to the provision of goods or facilities.
(3) A reference to the provision of a service includes a reference to the provision of a service in the exercise of a public function.
(4) A public function is a function that is a function of a public nature for the purposes of the Human Rights Act 1998.
(5) Where an employer arranges for another person to provide a service only to the employer's employees— (a) the employer is not to be regarded as the service-provider, but (b) the employees are to be regarded as a section of the public.
(6) A reference to a person requiring a service includes a reference to a person who is seeking to obtain or use the service.
(7) A reference to a service-provider not providing a person with a service includes a reference to— (a) the service-provider not providing the person with a service of the quality that the service-provider usually provides to the public (or the section of it which includes the person), or (b) the service-provider not providing the person with the service in the manner in which, or on the terms on which, the service-provider usually provides the service to the public (or the section of it which includes the person).
(8) In relation to the provision of a service by either House of Parliament, the service- provider is the Corporate Officer of the House concerned; and if the service involves access to, or use of, a place in the Palace of Westminster which members of the public are allowed to enter, both Corporate Officers are jointly the service-provider.
(9) Schedule 2 (reasonable adjustments) has effect.
(10) Schedule 3 (exceptions) has effect.
PART 4
PREMISES
Preliminary
32 Application of this Part
(1) This Part does not apply to the following protected characteristics— (a) age;
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(a) religion or belief; (b) sexual orientation.
34 Permission for disposal
(1) A person whose permission is required for the disposal of premises must not discriminate against another by not giving permission for the disposal of the premises to the other.
(2) A person whose permission is required for the disposal of premises must not, in relation to an application for permission to dispose of the premises, harass a person— (a) who applies for permission to dispose of the premises, or (b) to whom the disposal would be made if permission were given.
(3) A person whose permission is required for the disposal of premises must not victimise another by not giving permission for the disposal of the premises to the other.
(4) In the application of section 26 for the purposes of subsection (2), neither of the following is a relevant protected characteristic— (a) religion or belief; (b) sexual orientation.
(5) This section does not apply to anything done in the exercise of a judicial function.
35 Management
(1) A person (A) who manages premises must not discriminate against a person (B) who occupies the premises— (a) in the way in which A allows B, or by not allowing B, to make use of a benefit or facility; (b) by evicting B (or taking steps for the purpose of securing B's eviction); (c) by subjecting B to any other detriment.
(2) A person who manages premises must not, in relation to their management, harass— (a) a person who occupies them; (b) a person who applies for them.
(3) A person (A) who manages premises must not victimise a person (B) who occupies the premises— (a) in the way in which A allows B, or by not allowing B, to make use of a benefit or facility; (b) by evicting B (or taking steps for the purpose of securing B's eviction); (c) by subjecting B to any other detriment.
(4) In the application of section 26 for the purposes of subsection (2), neither of the following is a relevant protected characteristic— (a) religion or belief; (b) sexual orientation.
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Reasonable adjustments
36 Leasehold and commonhold premises and common parts
(1) A duty to make reasonable adjustments applies to— (a) a controller of let premises; (b) a controller of premises to let; (c) a commonhold association; (d) a responsible person in relation to common parts.
(2) A controller of let premises is— (a) a person by whom premises are let, or (b) a person who manages them.
(3) A controller of premises to let is— (a) a person who has premises to let, or (b) a person who manages them.
(4) The reference in subsection (1)(c) to a commonhold association is a reference to the association in its capacity as the person who manages a commonhold unit.
(5) A responsible person in relation to common parts is— (a) where the premises to which the common parts relate are let (and are not part of commonhold land or in Scotland), a person by whom the premises are let; (b) where the premises to which the common parts relate are part of commonhold land, the commonhold association.
(6) Common parts are— (a) in relation to let premises (which are not part of commonhold land or in Scotland), the structure and exterior of, and any common facilities within or used in connection with, the building or part of a building which includes the premises; (b) in relation to commonhold land, every part of the commonhold which is not for the time being a commonhold unit in accordance with the commonhold community statement.
(7) A reference to letting includes a reference to sub-letting; and for the purposes of subsection (1)(a) and (b), a reference to let premises includes premises subject to a right to occupy.
(8) This section does not apply to premises of such description as may be prescribed.
37 Adjustments to common parts in Scotland
(1) The Scottish Ministers may by regulations provide that a disabled person is entitled to make relevant adjustments to common parts in relation to premises in Scotland.
(2) The reference in subsection (1) to a disabled person is a reference to a disabled person who— (a) is a tenant of the premises, (b) is an owner of the premises, or (c) is otherwise entitled to occupy the premises,
