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“ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SELECTED WETLANDS
OF JAMMU DISTRICT WITH REGARD TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS”
A Dissertation Report Submitted to Mewar University, Chittorgarh Towards the partial fulfillment of The Degree of Master of Technology In Environmental Engineering Session: - 2018- Submitted To: Submitted By: Mr. Govind Singh Chauhan Saba Wani Assistant Professor MUR Civil Engineering Department M.tech Final Year Faculty of Engineering & Technology Department of Civil Engineering Mewar University Chittorgarh
STUDENT DECLARATION
In accordance with the requirements for the degree of M.Tech Program in Environmental Engineering, in Faculty of Engineering and Technology, I present this Dissertation report on “Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Selected Wetlands of Jammu District
With Regard to Aquatic Organisms” This report is completed under the supervision of
Mr.Govind Singh Chauhan. I declare that the work presented in the report is my own work except as acknowledged in the text and foot notes and that to my knowledge this material has not been submitted either in whole or in part, for a degree at this University or at any other such Institution.
Date SABA WANI
MUR
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Mewar University
Chittorgarh (Raj)
CERTIFICATE FROM GUIDE
I am deeply indebted to Dr. Ashok Kumar Gadiya , Chairman, MEWAR UNIVERSITY, Chittorgarh for providing me the infrastructural facilities. My utmost gratitude to almighty God, who has been very kind to me all the time. The achievement would be worthless if it was not the timely help and guidance of well-wishers. I know acknowledge is not well enough to scale their help and wishes. It is an immense pleasure to thank Mr. Govind Singh Chauhan for his precious guidance, constant encouragement throughout the training. I also express my thanks to my Head of Department Dr. Esar Ahmad and other faculty members for their valuable suggestions from time to time. I would also like to thank my classmates and all that has directly and indirectly helped me during my work. I would also like to thank my parents and my family members for providing me with their blessing, immense encouragement, moral support, constant inspiration, enthusiasm and co-operation for my training. DATE: Saba Wani (En Roll No. 1801049) Abstract
The study was conducted to Analysis the Physicochemical parameters of Selected wetlands of Jammu district and to know the survival status of aquatic organisms found in the water of all these wetlands of Jammu district during the period from January 2020 to March 2020. Over exploitation of fisheries resources and human activities are gradually hampered the aquatic environment of the wetlands. For existence and conservation of aquatic resources, it is essential to investigate the water quality and surrounding environment of the wetlands of Jammu district. The results of the study showed that Some water quality parameters lies in permissible limit except Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Nitrate, Alkalinity were not within the tolerance limit of IS 2296:1982 of class D prescribed by Bureau of Indian standard for inland surface water for fish culture and wildlife and IS 13891:1994 prescribed by Bureau of Indian standard for fresh water fish culture. Except Gharana wetland water quality of other wetlands such as Pargwal, Makhwal, Mansar and Surinsar wetlands were found not suitable for the survival of Aquatic Organisms due to higher concentration of pH, Nitrate and Ammonical Nitrogen and lower concentration of Dissolved oxygen and Alkalinity which were not within tolerance limits of both standards IS 2296:1982 of class ‘D’ and IS 13891:1994 prescribed by BIS for fish culture and wildlife. Some other reasons which are responsible for the polluted water quality of all these wetland are due to agrochemical pollution, presence of toxic chemicals, contamination of water by human activities like dumping of waste, throwing of garbage, washing clothes and bathing in the wetland. Keywords: - Dissolved oxygen, Agrochemical, Contamination, Alkalinity v
INDEX
S. No. Particulars Page No.
List of Tables S. No. Particulars Page No. 1.1 Distribution of area of wetlands in India 6 1. Tolerance Limits of Fresh Water for Fish Culture
1.3 Tolerance Limits of inland surface Water for Fish Culture and wildlife
5.1 Results of Alkalinity Obtained from different Wetlands^ 37 5.2 Results of Ammonical Nitrogen Obtained from different Wetlands
5.3 Result of Electrical Conductivity Obtained from different Wetlands
5.4 Result of Dissolved Oxygen Obtained from different Wetlands^ 40 5.5 Result of Nitrate Obtained from different Wetlands 41 5.6 Result of pH Obtained from different Wetlands^ 42 5.7 Result of Turbidity Obtained from different Wetlands^^43
CHAPTER- 1 Introduction
1. Wetland Wetlands are marshy lands covered with water. They are the most important and indispensible sources of ecological balance in the surroundings. They are the backbone of environment and helpful in preventing pollution. They are those areas where the water table is above the land surface. They are the lands which are wet and covered by surface water or groundwater for a considerable period of the year. They are almost situated near rivers lakes and coastal powers. They can also be located in isolated places throughout the landscape under clean water act for regulatory purposes. They keep the soil wet and help in growing vegetation. They include marshes, swamps, bogs and other such areas which lie low. Wetlands are transition zones between the highlands and aquatic environment. They are also being transformed for cultivation and production. Fertility, natural calamities, herbivores and salinity are the important sources of wetlands. Wetlands developed where the water table is near the soil surface for long duration of growing season. 1.1.1 Benefits of Wetlands Some of the important Benefits of wetlands are given below:- i. They prevent floods. ii. They refresh groundwater resources. iii. They are the protectors and providers of a large variety of flora and fauna. iv. They give beauty to the landscape. v. They preserve stream flow. vi. They reprocess nutrients. vii. They recharge ground water. viii. They supply fresh water ecosystems. ix. They wash polluted waters x. They store carbon within their plant communities and soil instead of releasing it to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide or methane. xi. They play an integral role in the ecology of the watershed.
1.1.2 Types of Wetlands A. Inland wetlands i. Lakes- lakes are the large bodies of standing water. They are formed by streams or rivers. They appear in different shades of blue color from the satellite. ii. Oxbow-lakes : - A meandering river flowing slowly in a winding course. May destroy are bear away the outside shores and the loops may out of the living hollow place resulting in shallow curved shape lakes known as oxbow-lakes. Figure 1.1: oxbow- lakes during dry conditions (source: https://www.google.co.in) iii. High altitude lakes : - These lakes are situated in the Himalayan region amidst the hills. These are classified as high altitude lakes. iv. Riverine Wetlands : - These wetlands are marshes and swamps. Swamps are the wetlands where trees and shrubs are in abundance. In some areas grass wetlands are called swamps. v. Marsh: - It has a mineral soil and it does not gather peat. There is a lot of herbaceous vegetation around it. vi. Waterlogged: - It is an area in which water stands near or above the land surface with the results. The roots of all plants are drowned and plants are fed away. Floods and other irrigation network cause water logging. When surface water Exist they appear as lakes or ponds and during the dry season. They dry up and look like a mud or salt plates. vii. Rivers : - Rivers are important national and international wet lands. They are the most beautiful features of the landscape. 2
ii. Backwater: - It is Marcharated from the sea by a narrow strip of land. It is a creek, arm of the sea or series of connected lagoons. iii. Creek: - It is a feature of salt marshes especially low marshes. iv. Beach: - It is a part of shoreline with low vegetation. v. Salt marsh: - They are Natural grassland on the sediments bordering saline water bodies. vi. Mangroves: - The mangrove swamp is a grove of trees, shrubs and other plants growing in tidal waters of tropical and sub-tropical coastlines. Figure 1.4: mangrove (source: https://www.google.co.in) vii. Coral reefs: - They are consolidated living colonies of microscopic organisms. They are rock- like reefs built-up of living things. They are found in warm tropical water. They look like a light blue shade. Figure 1.5: coral reef (source: https://www.google.co.in) viii. Aquaculture ponds: - They are ponds for breeding and rearing of fresh-water fish. They are either square or rectangular in shape. 1.1.3 Wetland Loss and Degradation Wetlands are expected to exist in around 8.6 million sq km of the earth's shell, out of which about 4.8 million sq km are found in the tropics and sub-tropics. They are decreasing in 4
quantity and quality due to harmful activities by the human beings. Due to population explosion the need and demand for food has led the use of pesticides herbicides and fertilizers .Domestic rubbish and industrial wastage, sewage and urban waste have polluted them. Construction of dams and the soil erosion are the important factors for the loss of wetlands. Besides, population Explosion urbanization, drainage for cultivation and irrigation system is the important loss of wetland from activities. Ecological impacts on wetlands might be grouped into five major categories are loss of wetland region, changes to water system, changes in water quality and over exploitation of wetland yield. 1.1.4 Global Scenario of Wetlands About two- third of our earth is covered with water. It looks like a blue planet from space. In our world lakes and rivers are the most important freshwater resources. Out of this land covered with water only lakes and rivers is hardly about 2.53%. More than 97.5% of water is in the Oceans which occupy 71% of the earth surface. Wetlands consist of only 6.4% of the earth's surface. 69.6% of water lies in the continental ice, 30.1% in underground aquifers and only 0.26% of water is in rivers and lakes. Lakes have only 0.007% of world’s fresh water. 1.1.5 Indian Scenario of Wetlands The relationship of man and wetlands is very old .The first sign of civilization is marked in the wetland areas. The Indus of the Sindhu River caused the flood plains and supplied all the basic need of man. All the living creatures cannot survive without water. We need water for Sanitation, cleanliness, washing, drinking for agricultural activities, fisheries and transportation. Wetland can be used for different purposes such as population explosion, industrialization, urbanization; deforestation and pollution. They help in supporting directly and indirectly millions of people in India including supply of clean water, food, fibre and raw materials. There are 19 different types of wetlands in India. It includes mangroves, high- altitude lakes, marshes and ponds. It covers an estimated 3 percent of India's land area. They are under threat due to developmental activities and population pressure. Water pollution and dumping of waste are some of the major threats to wetlands and birds in India. 5
Figure 1.6: Map of different wetlands in India ( source : Journal of Hydrology Regional Studies 2 (2014) 1–19 Fig.) 1.1.6 Wetland Protection Laws and Government Initiatives In our country wetlands are protected by various laws they are given below: i. The Indian Fisheries Act - 1857 ii. The Indian Forest Act - 1927 iii. Wildlife Protection Act - 1972 iv. Water Act - 1974 v. Protective Water, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Marine Zones Act - 1976 7
vi. Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act - 1977 vii. Maritime Zone of India Act - 1980 viii. Forest Conservation Act - 1980 ix. Environmental Protection Act - 1986 x. Coastal Zone Regulation Act- 1991 xi. Wildlife Protection Amendment Act – 1991 xii. National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development - 1992 India is expected to conserve the ecological character of the ecosystem along with the biodiversity of the flora and fauna related with the ecosystem. The effective management of these wetlands requires a thorough judgment of the existing laws, institutions and practices. The attachment of various people from different sectors is necessary in the sustainable management of the wetlands. 1.1.7 National Strategy for Wetlands National wetland strategy should include Conservation and mutual management, Prevention of loss and restoration and Sustainable management. The national Strategy for wetlands is given below:- i. Protection : Today in our country main necessity is to protect the present wetlands. There are many wetlands in our country out of it only around 68 wetlands are protected. But there are thousands of other wetlands that are biologically and economically important but have no legal status. ii. Planning, Managing and Monitoring : Only few Wetlands of India have management plans that come under the protected area system. It is important for various stakeholders along with the local community and corporate sector to come together for an effective management plan. Monitoring of the wetland systems is essential for a period of time. iii. Inventory : The efforts made by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Asian Wetland Bureau and World Wide Fund for Nature and for the inventory of all wetlands. Flora, fauna, and biodiversity are some inventory of all wetlands. iv. Legislation : Although several laws protect wetlands there is no special legislation pertaining specially to the ecosystem. Environment Impact Assessment required for major development projects. 8
CHAPTER- 2 Review of Literature Looking to the destroying condition of natural wetlands across the globe as well as in India I have opted to make a detailed study on the topic Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Wetlands of Jammu District with Regard to Aquatic Organisms. For this purpose I have gone through the following research paper and related information is available in literature reviews.
1. A Study Conducted by Raghavendra Gowda et.al. (2011) show that the systematic study has been carried out to evaluate physicochemical characteristics of the selected wetlands of the Bhadra from May 2009 to April 2010. Three major wetlands which come across the temperate zone of the sanctuary have been selected for the study. Seventeen physico-chemical water quality parameters have been analyzed for pre, post and monsoon seasons. Idan ban kere has a less Catchment area compared to the other two. The pH of the water was found to be more alkaline in Idan ban kere compared to the others. The values of DO and BOD fluctuate according to the seasons and sector, COD was very less due to absence of chemical pollution. The value of all the parameters are found to be more during pre monsoon season when compared to monsoon and post monsoon in Idan ban kere with comparison to Heggarna kere and Gonimara hadla kere, due to their differences in the catchment area and occurrence of high amount of rainfall during monsoon. Other parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sulphate and phosphate were under permissible limits and widely fluctuated according to seasons and sectors. 2. A Study Discussed by Md.Sirajanuary Islam et al. (2012) to know the status of water quality in the Dhaleshwari river and its temporal changes over monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons due to change of physicochemical parameters during the period from June 2011 to May 2012. The comparative study showed that most of the water quality parameters of the Dhaleshwari River were suitable for aquaculture of aquatic organisms as well as fishes. 3. A Study Conducted by V. Ramamurthy1, R. Rajakumar et.al (2014) show that the diversity of wetlands is intermediary zones between permanently aquatic and dry terrestrial eco-systems. The present study deals with the interactions between these 10
abiotic factors of the Udhayamarthandapuram, Tamil Nadu, India for a period of February 2011 to March 2012.
4. A Study Concluded by Arun Kumar Namdeo et.al (2012) show that Water a unique element for existence of life. It has various uses since the period of origin of human civilization. Present study has been carried out to evaluate the primary status of existing tanks or remaining tanks of chandela dynasty through analyzing the certain physico chemical parameters and its relationship with zooplankton population. 5. A Study Observed by Ravichandran et.al (2015) show that Wetland is an important ecosystem which supports and provide with ecosystem services. The present work was carried out to determine the water quality and its seasonal changes in Koothapar wetland. It receives water from Uyyakondan channel. Many water quality parameters were found to exceed the standard limits in many samples. It indicated pollution in all the seasons. Of all the sampling points, K1, the point at which the water enters the wetland, DO was less than 1 mg/L in all the seasons. 6. A Study Revealed by Mohammad Aslam ali , Nargis Sultana, Suravi et.al (2013) to get an idea about the water quality of the Turag River in Dhaka and its temporal changes over post-monsoon, pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons due to change of physico- chemical parameters during the period from October 2011 to March 2012. The investigation demonstrated the present condition of the water quality of the Turag River that is highly polluted due to direct dumping of untreated city corporation and industrial wastewater. The comparative study showed that the water quality of the Turag River was highly degraded due to the presence of significant amount of pollutants discharged from Dhaka city. 7. A Study Concluded by R.R. Sangpal et.al (2011) show that Sampling was made of the physicochemical factors from 20 stations on the surface water of Ujjani dam. Water of Ujjani dam was studied for pollution by determining various water quality parameters, for the two season’s viz, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. The dam water is subjected to sever domestic and industrial pollution. The aim’s been to determine the water quality, productivity, assess nature or mans impact and industrial pollution on the physico chemistry of the reservoir water. Our findings highlighted the deterioration of water quality in the dam due to industrialization and urbanization. 11
