Fundamentals of Thermodynamics: Systems, Properties, and Equilibrium, Assignments of Mechanical Engineering

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Topic-

Thermodynamics

Prepared by-

Nitesh Singh(19SCSE1010709) Shivam Singh(19SCSE1180061) Rishab Shakhya(19SCSE1010262)

Introduction

Thermodynamics can be defined as the study of energy, energy transformations and its relation to matter. The word Thermodynamics is coming from greek word where, Thermo=Heat Dynamics=Power

System,Surroundings,Boundary

 System-A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.  Surroundings- The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings.  Boundary- The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings.The boundaries of a system can be fixed or movable. Mathematically, the boundary has zero thickness, no mass, and no volume.

Classification of

Thermodynamics System

 Open System-One in which both energy and mass cross the boundary.  Closed System-One in which mass does not cross the boundary.  Open System-One in which both energy and mass does not cross the boundary.

Thermodynamics Property

Any characteristic of a system is called a property.  Intensive properties: are those that are independent of the size (mass) of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density. They are not additive.  Extensive properties: values that are dependant on size of the system such as mass, volume, and total energy U. They are additive.

Thermodynamics

Equilibrium

 (^) Thermal equilibrium: when the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.  Mechanical equilibrium : when there is no change in pressure at any point of the system. However, the pressure may vary within the system due to gravitational effects.  Phase equilibrium : in a two phase system, when the mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level.  Chemical equilibrium : when the chemical composition of a system does not change with time, i.e., no chemical reactions occur.

Quasi‐equilibrium process:

It can be viewed as a sufficiently slow process that allows the system to adjust itself internally and remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times. Quasi‐equilibrium process is an idealized process and is not a true representation of the actual process.

Zeroth law of

Thermodynamics

 The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third one, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Accordingly, thermal equilibrium between systems is a transitive relation.

Second law of

Thermodynamics

 The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time, and is constant if and only if all processes are reversible. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium, the state with maximum entropy.

Clausius and Kelvin’s statement

Clausius statement :- Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time. Kelvin’s statement:- It is impossible for a self-acting machine, unaided by any external agency, to convey heat from one body to another at a higher temperature

Refrigerator

Heat Pump