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Engineering Principles, Study notes of Engineering

Royal Holloway, University of London (RHUL)Engineering

Electricity is defined as the movement of electrons from atom to atom. This can happen only in a conductive material. • Electron Theory. • Flow is from - to +.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

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Engineering
Principles
(Electronic/Electrical)
John R. Wright, Jr., Ph.D., CSTM, CLSSGB, CSCE, F.ATMAE
AENG 101 Introduction to Engineering
Department of Applied Engine ering, Safety, & Technology (AEST)
Schwaller, A. E. (1989). Tra n sp or t at i on , e n er gy an d p o we r t ec h no l og y. Albany, NY: Delmar.
Fowler, R. (2008). Electri city: Principles and Applications (7th Ed.). McGraw Hill, New York
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Engineering

Principles

(Electronic/Electrical)

John R. Wright, Jr., Ph.D., CSTM, CLSSGB, CSCE, F.ATMAE

AENG 101 Introduction to Engineering

Department of Applied Engineering, Safety, & Technology (AEST)

Schwaller, A. E. (1989). Transportation, energy and power technology. Albany, NY: Delmar. Fowler, R. (2008). Electricity: Principles and Applications (7th^ Ed.). McGraw Hill, New York

Outline

  • Chemistry of Electricity
  • DC Power
  • Flow of Electrons
  • Amperage, Voltage & Resistance
  • Simple Circuits (Series, Parallel & Series-Parallel)
  • Magnetism and AC Power
  • Integrated Circuits (Basic Digital Gates) https://www.europeanscientist.com/en/features/the-belgian-electricity-industry-in-chaos/

Chemistry of Electricity

  • Conductors
    • Very little resistance
    • Copper, aluminum, silver, and gold
    • 3 or fewer valence electrons
  • Insulators
    • Very high resistance
    • Paper, wood, plastics, rubber, glass, and mica
    • 5 or more valance electrons
  • Semiconductors
    • 4 valance electrons
    • Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge) are commonly used
    • Neither a good conductor or a good insulator
    • They allow some current to flow, but have a good bit of resistance
    • ICs are semiconductors http://www.bysolar.com/solar- energy/how-solar-cells-work/

DC Power

  • DC = Direct Current
  • May be created with two common methods - Chemical (Batteries) - Rectification - A method of changing AC Power (Alternating Current) to DC Power - Use Diodes and capacitors (one-way devices) - This is studied more in AENG 262 Semiconductor Electronics when we design power supplies https://www.dccomics .com/blog/2019/04/ 8/prep-your-playlist- the-music-of-dc- comics-volume- 2 - is- coming-soon https://www.rohm.com/electronics-basics/ac-dc/rectification

Amperage, Voltage & Resistance

  • Amperage (measured in current, I)
    • Defined as “the amount of electrons flowing from a negative point to a positive point in a given time period”
  • Voltage (measured in volts, V or E)
    • Defined as “the push or force used to move the electrons”
  • Resistance (measured in ohms, W )
    • Defined as “the opposition to current flow” https://www.fluke.com/en-us/product/electrical-testing/digital-multimeters/fluke- 117

Ohm’s Law https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ohm https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/basic_concepts/resistance/what-is-ohms-law-formula-equation.php

Series Circuits

  • IT = IR1 = IR2 = IR3 = etc.
  • RT = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + etc.
  • VT = VR1 + VR2 + VR3 + etc.
    • Individual voltages are directly proportional to individual resistances - Kirchhoff's current law (1st Law) states that the current flowing into a node (or a junction) must be equal to the current flowing out of it. This is a consequence of charge conservation. - Kirchhoff's voltage law (2nd Law) states that in any complete loop within a circuit, the sum of all voltages across components which supply electrical energy (such as cells or generators) must equal the sum of all voltages across the other components in the same loop. This law is a consequence of both charge conservation and the conservation of energy. https://stickmanphysics.com/stickman-physics-home/unit- 8 - current-and-circuits/series-circuit/ https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_kirchhoffs_laws

Example Series Circuit

Example Parallel Circuit

Series-Parallel Circuits

  • Some features from both series and parallel circuit exist
  • Use Ohm’s Law
  • and the 2 Kirchhoff’s laws
    • if solving for a total value such as IT, VT, or RT: - Try and transform the parallel parts into a singular resistor and then solve thru series formulas - These are called Equivalent Circuits - Kirchhoff's current law (1st Law) states that the current flowing into a node (or a junction) must be equal to the current flowing out of it. This is a consequence of charge conservation. - Kirchhoff's voltage law (2nd Law) states that in any complete loop within a circuit, the sum of all voltages across components which supply electrical energy (such as cells or generators) must equal the sum of all voltages across the other components in the same loop. This law is a consequence of both charge conservation and the conservation of energy. (^) https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_kirchhoffs_laws https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/series-and-parallel-circuits/series-circuits

Magnetism Basics

  • Magnetism - a force that acts on some materials but not on other materials
  • Magnets - are physical devises which possess this force - Lodestone (Fe Compound) - natural magnet - Neodidium - Used in some EV motors
  • Electro-magnets – devices that become magnetized with the addition of an electric field
  • Polarity of a Magnet:
    • N and S poles (flux flow is from N to S)
      • Like poles repel
      • Unlike poles attract
  • Domains
    • Are minute sections in a bar where the atoms line up to produce a magnetic field - Must be lined up in same direction to be a magnet https://www.stanfordmagnets.com/how-are-the-magnets-made.html https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/magnetism.html

Electromagnetic Induction (How we make AC Power)

  • When you take an conductor pass it through a magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the the wire (conductor) - perpendicular to lines of flux = greatest voltage - parallel to lines of flux = zero voltage - rotating the conductor 360o^ creates AC voltage
  • This subject matter will be covered more extensively in AENG 261 Electronic Systems https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5ebbca069f5fb3001bc5a201/electromagnetic-induction-review

Truth Tables and Boolean Expressions

Truth Tables and Boolean Expressions