Engineering Management, Lecture notes of Engineering management

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Engineering

Management

Engineering Management

Course Content

Introduction

Management Defined

Decision Making

Planning Function

Organizing

Staffing

Communication

What is management?  (^) No single definition has been universally accepted. Some popular definitions:  (^) “Management is the art of getting things done through people”  (^) “Management is getting the right things done at the right time.”  (^) “Management is the process or form of work that involves the guidance or direction of a group of people toward organizational goals and objectives.  (^) “ Management is a process with both interpersonal and technical aspects through which the objectives of an organization, or that part of it being managed, are accomplished by utilizing human and physical resources and technology

Other Meaning of Management A. As a Position: A manager is responsible for the work of others. Could be Administrative, Operative, Middle Management. B. As a Task: A manager establishes and maintains an environment wherein people working together in groups can perform effectively and efficiently toward the attainment of group goals. C. As an Activity: It involves discharging the basic functions of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and leading and controlling. It involves decision making and coordination of thought and action.

Pioneers cont’d  Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) American – “Father of Scientific Management”  Principles he contributed:  (^) A science for each element of man’s work must be developed to replace older rule of thumb.  (^) Employees to perform tasks must be scientifically selected, trained and developed.  (^) Management and labor have to cooperate to see that a work is properly done. Management supervise, workers follow a prescribed method.  (^) Planning must be separate from execution.

Taylor....  Aids he introduced in the performance of the principles he set.  (^) Time and motion study  (^) Functional or divided foremanship  (^) Standardization of action, tools and men – job instruction  (^) Planning assigned to management aided by a specialist  (^) Exception Principle – Only significant exceptions to established procedure should be brought to the attention of the next higher level of management.  (^) Special Slide rule and mnemonic system – system to classify manufactured products.  (^) Instruction Cards – Forerunner of SOP’s

Some Pioneers in Scientific ManagementSome Pioneers in Scientific Management James Watt, Jr. (1736-1819) and Mathew Bolton (1728-1809) James Watt, Jr. (1736-1819) and Mathew Bolton (1728-1809) (British) – Develop market research, forecasting, planned (British) – Develop market research, forecasting, planned production process standards, standardization of product production process standards, standardization of product components, detailed statistical record, worker and components, detailed statistical record, worker and executive training, work study, welfare program. executive training, work study, welfare program. Robert Owen (1771-18580 (Scot) – “Father of Modern Robert Owen (1771-18580 (Scot) – “Father of Modern Personnel Management”. Improved working conditions in Personnel Management”. Improved working conditions in the factory, raised the minimum working age of children, the factory, raised the minimum working age of children, reduced working hours, provided meals for employees in reduced working hours, provided meals for employees in factories, set up stores to sell necessities to employees at factories, set up stores to sell necessities to employees at cost, improve the community in which his employees live. cost, improve the community in which his employees live.

Pioneers ….

 (^) Charles Babbage (1791-1871) (British) – “Father of the Computer”. A mathematician, he invented the mechanical calculator. Develop scientific principles to govern managers’ use of facilities, materials and labor to get the best possible result. He argued for profit sharing, pay depending on the nature of work.  (^) Henry Varnum Poor (1812-1905) (American) – Editor, recommended need of a managerial system with clear organizational structure where people would be held accountable; system with adequate communication; leadership in an enterprise that can instill a feeling of unity, an appreciation of work, esprit de corps.

Fayol …….  (^) 9. Scalar chain – Chain of superiors from the highest to the lowest  (^) 10. Order – arrangement of things and people  (^) 11. Equity, loyalty, and devotion elicited by combination of kindliness and justice on the part of managers when dealing with subordinates.  (^) 12. Stability of tenure.  (^) 13. Initiative – thinking out and execution of a plan permit subordinates to exercise it.  (^) 14. Need of teamwork and importance of communication to attain it.

Hugo Munstenberg (1863-1916) German – American - Father of Industrial Psychology  (^) Contribution: For workers, reduced working time with increased wages raise their level of life.  (^) Principles  (^) 1. Find people whose mental qualities best fit them for the work they are to do.  (^) 2. Find the psychological conditions where the greatest and most satisfactory output is obtained.  (^) 3. Find ways how business can influence workers to obtain the best possible results.

Various Approaches to Management  (^) Empirical/Case Approach- Analyzes by the study of experiences (success or failures of others) sometimes to draw generalizations. Usually, it is means to transfer knowledge to students. Typical is case studies.  (^) Basic Premise – Study the success and mistakes made by management in individual cases and attempts to solve specific problems. The student or practitioner learns to apply effective techniques in comparable situation.  (^) Danger: The present situation may not exactly fit the condition of the case studied.

Interpersonal Behavior Approach  (^) Premise: Since managing involves getting results done with and through people, study should be centered on interpersonal relations. It focuses on the individual as a socio- psychological being. It is heavily oriented on the individual and social psychology. The manager is equated to a leader.  (^) Danger: To consider management as a purely psychological study without considering other aspects affecting management.

Cooperative Social System Approach  (^) Premise: Human organization is a system of interdependent activity encompassing at least several primary groups and usually characterized by a high degree of rational direction of behavior towards ends that are objects of common language.  (^) Danger: Broader than management practice, tend to overlook management concepts, principles and techniques.

Socio-technical System Approach  (^) Premise: Personal attitudes and group behavior are influenced by the technical system in which people work.  (^) Concept: Organization is viewed as two systems – social and technological, which necessarily interact. Organizational effectiveness does not depend only on people but also the technical environment in which they work.  (^) Danger: To consider this approach as all that is in the field of management.