Energy Harvesting- Powering sensor for IOT application, Slides of Computer Science

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Energy Harvesting

Powering sensors for IoT applications

ENERGY HARVESTING : BASIC IDEA Energy Harvesting is defined as the process of capturing of energy from our ambient environment and store it to use for functioning of small wireless autonomous devices. Energy could be harvested from the natural unnoticed phenomenon occurring in the very environment, for example vibrations by sound waves, stress or pressure applications etc. NATURAL PHENOMENO N CONVERSIO N MECHANIS M ELECTRICA L COMPONEN T NEED FOR ENERGY HARVESTING

• Limited lifetime of the battery necessitated an idea to continuously power IoT devices.
• (^) To increases longevity and the efficiency of the IoT device.
• (^) To the energy present in environment without exploiting any resource for that matter.

 Energy capacity is limited to only low powered devices as the energy generated if only capable of powering sensors etc. Heavy-duty applications are not expected.  These systems demand much from the electronics thus these systems require supporting electronics to be power efficient.  Since the storage device stores the instantaneous changes with respect to the environment, the storage and the circuitry should be well protected from excess voltage or power spikes.  One of the major challenge is the cost as an investment required for the installation of such a system.  Since the extraction of energy is done by an instantaneous source therefore the output is also instantaneous in nature thus could create problems in the case non-storage direct use energy harvesting applications.  Random nature of the input thus would be difficult to judge or predict the nature of the output. CHALLENGES

After several years of research it is now that we have come up to a point to have several methods of successful extraction of energy from environment EFFECTIVELY and EFFICIENTLY. These new-age methods include the following which are discussed in the following slides.  Through vibrations of sound waves  Stress on piezoelectric transducers  Presence of noise in the environment  Through Radio Frequency by means of rectenna  Noise interruptions on a communication network ENERGY HARVESTING : NEW-AGE METHODS OF EXTRACTION

Noise is defined as unwanted interruption in the message signal, so the researchers in Italy were competent to explore a way to convert this noise into a useful form because however much we tried, we were only able to reduce noise to a certain level but couldn’t eliminate it altogether. Noise is a non-linear dynamical mechanism that can improve harvester efficiency up to a factor of 4 compared to traditional linear harvesters. The following diagram depicts the idea in a nutshell : NOISE : Not a waste anymore Vibrations cause the diaphragm to begin motion which generates a fluctuating magnetic flux MAGNE T Noise in a signal Vibrations caused Thus, by the process of electromagneti c induction an emf is generated and stored for future uses

The electromagnetic energy received from radiofrequency (RF) radiation (from Wifi communication systems, TV broadcasting etc.) is used to convert it to usable electrical quantity for powering sources. The RF method majorly focuses on two processes: (a) reception of the RF signal (b) rectification of the received RF by means of rectenna. The flow diagram depicts the entire process of RF method of harvesting Radio Frequency or RF method Receives the RF signal Matching circuit Matches the antenna impedance to the rectifier circuit in order to achieve maximum power Rectifier Converts the AC signal to RF-DC system Amplifier may be used Power manageme nt Circuit

DC

OUTPUT

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https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/

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https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/

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https://www.nasa.gov/ames-partnerships/technology/technology-op

portunity-compliant-electrode-and-composite-materials-for-piezoele

ctric-wind/

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https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/energy-harvesters-developed-

at-nasa-langley-can-produce-useful-power

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